Promoting Reflection Skills of Pre-Service Teachers – The Power of AI-Generated Feedback

Hofmann F, Daunicht TM, Plößl L, Gläser-Zikuda M (2025)


Publication Language: English

Publication Type: Journal article, Online publication

Publication year: 2025

Journal

Book Volume: 15

Pages Range: 1315

Article Number: 1

Journal Issue: 10

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ educsci15101315

Open Access Link: https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess

Abstract

Reflection skills are a key but challenging element in teacher training. Feedback on reflective

writing assignments can improve reflection skills, but it is affected by challenges (high

variability in judgments and time investment). AI-generated feedback offers many options.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the potential of AI-generated feedback

compared to that provided by lecturers for developing reflective skills. A total of 93

randomly selected pre-service teachers (70% female) in a course at a German university

wrote two reflections and received feedback from either lecturers or ChatGPT 4.0 based

on the same prompts. Pre-service teachers’ written reflections were assessed, and an

online questionnaire based on standard instruments was applied. Control variables included

metacognitive learning strategies and reflection-related dispositions. Based on a

linear mixed model, the main effects on reflective skills were identified for time (  = 0.41,

p = 0.003) and feedback condition (  = −0.42, p = 0.032). Both forms of feedback similarly

fostered reflective skills over time, with academic self-efficacy emerging as a pertinent

disposition (  = 0.25, p = 0.014). The limitations of this study and implications for teacher

training are discussed.


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How to cite

APA:

Hofmann, F., Daunicht, T.-M., Plößl, L., & Gläser-Zikuda, M. (2025). Promoting Reflection Skills of Pre-Service Teachers – The Power of AI-Generated Feedback. Education Sciences, 15(10), 1315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ educsci15101315

MLA:

Hofmann, Florian, et al. "Promoting Reflection Skills of Pre-Service Teachers – The Power of AI-Generated Feedback." Education Sciences 15.10 (2025): 1315.

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