On the performance of air shower reconstruction with the SKA-Low radio telescope

Corstanje A, Bouma S, Bray JD, Buitink S, De Henau V, Desmet M, Dickinson E, van Dongen L, Enßlin TA, Hare B, He H, Hörandel JR, Huege T, James CW, Jetti M, Laub P, Mathes HJ, Mulrey K, Nelles A, Saha S, Scholten O, Sharma S, Spencer RE, Sterpka C, ter Veen S, Terveer K, Trinh TN, Turekova P, Veberic D, Watanabe K, Waterson M, Zhang C, Zhang P, Zhang Y (2025)

Publication Type: Conference contribution

Publication year: 2025

Journal

Publisher: Sissa Medialab Srl

Book Volume: 501

Conference Proceedings Title: Proceedings of Science

Event location: Geneva, CHE

DOI: 10.22323/1.501.0230

Abstract

The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) is a radio telescope currently under construction in South Africa and Australia. Its low-frequency part (50-350 MHz), located in Australia, features nearly 60,000 antennas in a core region of about 1 km diameter. With such an extreme antenna density, surpassing e.g. LOFAR by two orders of magnitude, this observatory is well equipped to make the most precise radio measurements of individual air showers. A decade of experience with LOFAR serves as a foundation for a next major step in reconstruction precision. We present a simulation of the reconstruction capabilities, using CoREAS-simulated showers, a realistic model of the antennas, and of the Galactic noise background. We apply the method used at LOFAR for reconstruction the depth of shower maximum Xmax, measuring the energy fluence of the radio pulse in each antenna and using an ensemble of simulated showers to fit to the data. We consider the use of beamforming within this method, combining groups of nearby antennas to boost the signal-to-noise ratio. The reconstruction precision that follows is about 6 to 8 g/cm2 over a primary energy range of 10¹⁶ to 10¹⁸ eV, with a minimal bias from the reconstruction process. This sets a baseline to what can be achieved, both in energy range extension downward as in reconstruction precision, from methods that haven proven robust in practice. Further significant progress is expected, as new methods are being developed that measure the longitudinal shower profile in more detail than just its Xmax. We also discuss expected event rates given reasonable technical limitations, relating this to suitable numbers for a mass composition analysis in narrow energy bins.

Authors with CRIS profile

Involved external institutions

Inter-University Institute for High Energies (IIHE) Belgium (BE) University of Manchester United Kingdom (GB) International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research Australia (AU) Can Tho University / Trường Đại học Cần Thơ Viet Nam (VN) University of Groningen / Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Netherlands (NL) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Germany (DE) SKA Observatory United Kingdom (GB) Nanjing University China (CN) Xidian University China (CN) Purple Mountain Observatory / 紫金山天文台 China (CN) Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands (NL) Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik / Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Germany (DE) Astron Netherlands (NL)

How to cite

APA:

Corstanje, A., Bouma, S., Bray, J.D., Buitink, S., De Henau, V., Desmet, M.,... Zhang, Y. (2025). On the performance of air shower reconstruction with the SKA-Low radio telescope. In Proceedings of Science. Geneva, CHE: Sissa Medialab Srl.

MLA:

Corstanje, A., et al. "On the performance of air shower reconstruction with the SKA-Low radio telescope." Proceedings of the 39th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2025, Geneva, CHE Sissa Medialab Srl, 2025.

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