Glombitza J, Abdul Halim A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Allekotte I, Almeida Cheminant K, Almela A, Aloisio R, Alvarez-Muniz J, Ammerman Yebra J, Anastasi GA, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andrade Dourado L, Andringa S, Apollonio L, Aramo C, Araújo Ferreira PR, Arnone E, Arteaga Velázquez JC, Assis P, Avila G, Avocone E, Bakalova A, Barbato F, Bartz Mocellin A, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bhatta G, Bianciotto M, Biermann PL, Binet V, Bismark K, Bister T, Biteau J, Blazek J, Bleve C, Blümer J, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonneau Arbeletche L, Borodai N, Brack J, Brichetto Orchera PG, Briechle FL, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Büsken M, Bwembya A, Caballero-Mora KS, Cabana-Freire S, Caccianiga L, Campuzano F, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalani F, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cerda M, Čermáková B, Cermenati A, Chinellato JA, Chudoba J, Chytka L, Clay RW, Cobos Cerutti AC, Colalillo R, Coluccia MR, Conceiçao R, Condorelli A, Consolati G, Conte M, Convenga F, Correia Dos Santos D, Costa PJ, Covault CE, Cristinziani M, Cruz Sanchez CS, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, De Almeida RM, De Errico B, De Jesús J, De Jong SJ, De Mello Neto JR, De Mitri I, De Oliveira J, De Oliveira Franco D, De Palma F, De Souza V, De Vito E, Del Popolo A, Deligny O, Denner N, Deval L, Di Matteo A, Do JA, Dobre M, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Domingues Mendes LM, Dorosti Q, Dos Anjos JC, Dos Anjos RC, Ebr J, Ellwanger F, Emam M, Engel R, Epicoco I, Erdmann M, Etchegoyen A, Evoli C, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fehler T, Feldbusch F, Fenu F, Fernandes A, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filip P, Filipčič A, Fitoussi T, Flaggs B, Fodran T, Fujii T, Fuster A, Galea C, García B, Gaudu C, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Glombitza J, Gobbi F, Gollan F, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale PF, Gongora JP, González JM, González N, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gottowik M, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guido E, Gülzow L, Hahn S, Hamal P, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harvey VM, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Hojvat C, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar PG, Janecek P, Jilek V, Johnsen JA, Jurysek J, Kampert KH, Keilhauer B, Khakurdikar A, Kizakke Covilakam VV, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Knapp F, Köhler J, Krieger F, Kunka N, Lago BL, Langner N, Leigui De Oliveira MA, Lema-Capeans Y, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Lopes L, Lu L, Luce Q, Lundquist JP, Machado Payeras A, Majercakova M, Mandat D, Manning BC, Mantsch P, Mariani FM, Mariazzi AG, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinelli S, Martínez Bravo O, Martins MA, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Mayotte E, Mayotte S, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Meinert J, Melo D, Menshikov A, Merx C, Michal S, Micheletti MI, Miramonti L, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morejon L, Mulrey K, Mussa R, Namasaka WM, Negi S, Nellen L, Nguyen K, Nicora G, Niechciol M, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, NoŽka L, Nucita A, Núnez LA, Oliveira C, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Panja S, Parente G, Paulsen T, Pawlowsky J, Pech M, P ©kala J, Pelayo R, Pelgrims V, Pereira LA, Pereira Martins EE, Pérez Bertolli C, Perrone L, Petrera S, Petrucci C, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Platino M, Pont B, Pothast M, Pourmohammad Shahvar M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravignani D, Reginatto Akim JV, Reininghaus M, Reuzki A, Ridky J, Riehn F, Risse M, Rizi V, Rodrigues De Carvalho W, Rodriguez E, Rodriguez Rojo J, Roncoroni MJ, Rossoni S, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Saftoiu A, Saharan M, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sanabria Gomez JD, Sánchez F, Santos EM, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarmento R, Sato R, Savina P, Schäfer CM, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schimassek M, Schimp M, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schröder FG, Schulte J, Schulz T, Sciutto SJ, Scornavacche M, Sedoski A, Segreto A, Sehgal S, Shivashankara SU, Sigl G, Simkova K, Simon F, Smau R, Šmída R, Sommers P, Squartini R, Stadelmaier M, Stanič S, Stasielak J, Stassi P, Strähnz S, Straub M, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Svozilikova Z, Szadkowski Z, Tairli F, Tapia A, Taricco C, Timmermans C, Tkachenko O, Tobiska P, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Torrès Z, Travaini A, Travnicek P, Tueros M, Unger M, Uzeiroska R, Vaclavek L, Vacula M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valore L, Varela E, Vašíčková V, Vásquez-Ramírez A, Veberič D, Vergara Quispe ID, Verzi V, Vicha J, Vink J, Vorobiov S, Watanabe C, Watson AA, Weindl A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Yue B, Yushkov A, Zapparrata O, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M (2025)
Publication Type: Journal article
Publication year: 2025
Book Volume: 111
Article Number: 022003
Issue: 2
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.111.022003
We report an investigation of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies from 3 to 100 EeV (1 EeV=1018 eV) using the distributions of the depth of shower maximum 𝑋max. The analysis relies on ∼50,000 events recorded by the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and a deep-learning-based reconstruction algorithm. Above energies of 5 EeV, the dataset offers a 10-fold increase in statistics with respect to fluorescence measurements at the Observatory. After cross-calibration using the fluorescence detector, this enables the first measurement of the evolution of the mean and the standard deviation of the 𝑋max distributions up to 100 EeV. Our findings are threefold: (i) The evolution of the mean logarithmic mass toward a heavier composition with increasing energy can be confirmed and is extended to 100 EeV. (ii) The evolution of the fluctuations of 𝑋max toward a heavier and purer composition with increasing energy can be confirmed with high statistics. We report a rather heavy composition and small fluctuations in 𝑋max at the highest energies. (iii) We find indications for a characteristic structure beyond a constant change in the mean logarithmic mass, featuring three breaks that are observed in proximity to the ankle, instep, and suppression features in the energy spectrum.
APA:
Glombitza, J., Abdul Halim, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Allekotte, I., Almeida Cheminant, K.,... Zavrtanik, M. (2025). Measurement of the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles with energies between 1018.5 and 1020 eV using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and deep learning. Physical Review D, 111. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.022003
MLA:
Glombitza, Jonas, et al. "Measurement of the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles with energies between 1018.5 and 1020 eV using the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and deep learning." Physical Review D 111 (2025).
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