This very central research area deals with concepts and techniques for the specific assignment of computing resources to the competing processes and the associated control of the execution of the respective machine programs. Not only are analytical procedures considered, but also constructive approaches are pursued. Tailor-made operating system structures are considered according to the requirements of a respective application domain, either as a proprietary development from scratch or as an extension or adaptation of existing solutions. In functional as well as non-functional terms, the approach is on the one hand application-oriented and on the other hand hardware-centric. The work is mainly characterized by the technology of multi-core or many-core processors and the associated challenges in the coordination of communication and competition of parallel processes.