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Macroanatomy and morphometry of the calcaneus: a pilot study Макроанатомія та морфометрія п’яткової кістки: пілотне дослідження

Hryn VH, Maksymenko OS, Brovarnyk YO, Morokhovets HY, Svintsytska NL, Tykhonova OO, Ustenko RL, Hryn MV, Stupak DS, Hoduadze HN, Paulsen F (2026)

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Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2026

Book Volume: 27

Pages Range: 260-267

Journal Issue: 3

DOI: 10.22141/1608-1706.3.27.2026.1091

Abstract

Background. The calcaneus is a key element of foot biomechanics, ensuring load transmission and supporting the weight-bearing function of the lower limb. Its complex spatial structure, variability of morphometric parameters, and specific trabecular architecture complicate the diagnosis and treatment of injuries. Despite existing studies, there is a lack of a comprehensive approach combining macroanatomical, morphometric, and radiological analyses with assessment of cortical thickness and internal architecture. This highlights the relevance of an in-depth morphological study of the calcaneus for modern traumatology, orthopedics, and anatomy. Therefore, the aim was to conduct a pilot study of the macroanatomical features and morphometric parameters of the human calcaneus, with assessment of the cortical layer and trabecular architecture. Materials and methods. The research was performed on anatomical specimens of adult human calcanei without signs of pathology (n = 5) and lateral foot radiographs (n = 10). A morphological approach was applied, including macroscopic examination, morphometric analysis, evaluation of the cortical layer using sectioning and epoxy plastination, and radiological assessment of trabecular architecture. The obtained data were processed using modern statistical methods to assess variability and relationships between parameters. Results. The calcaneus demonstrates a consistent morphological organization with clear differentiation of anatomical surfaces and structures contributing to the formation of the subtalar and calcaneocuboid joints. Morphometric analysis revealed variability in linear parameters, with greater variation in longitudinal dimensions (l1, l2) and relative stability of transverse parameters (width, thickness), as confirmed by principal component analysis (explaining 80.64 % of the total variance). Cortical thickness exhibited topography-dependent heterogeneity, with the greatest values observed in the subtalar region and the lowest in the anterior and plantar regions. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001), indicating functionally determined local variation of the compact bone. Radiological analysis confirmed a well-organized trabecular architecture characterized by distinct compressive and tensile trabecular systems, as well as a consistently localized neutral zone. Conclusions. The calcaneus is characterized by structurally and functionally determined morpho-organization, manifested by relative stability of transverse parameters alongside greater variability of longitudinal dimensions, topographically determined heterogeneity of cortical thickness with maximal values in the subtalar region, and an organized trabecular architecture with compressive and tensile systems and a neutral zone, ensuring effective redistribution of mechanical load.

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APA:

Hryn, V.H., Maksymenko, O.S., Brovarnyk, Y.O., Morokhovets, H.Y., Svintsytska, N.L., Tykhonova, O.O.,... Paulsen, F. (2026). Macroanatomy and morphometry of the calcaneus: a pilot study Макроанатомія та морфометрія п’яткової кістки: пілотне дослідження. , 27(3), 260-267. https://doi.org/10.22141/1608-1706.3.27.2026.1091

MLA:

Hryn, Volodymyr H., et al. "Macroanatomy and morphometry of the calcaneus: a pilot study Макроанатомія та морфометрія п’яткової кістки: пілотне дослідження." 27.3 (2026): 260-267.

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