Every Frame You Take: A Taxonomy and Reproducible Testing Framework for Digital Surveillance Cameras

Eichhorn M, Gabel F, Freiling F (2026)


Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2026

Journal

Book Volume: 57

Article Number: 302117

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsidi.2026.302117

Abstract

We present a definition and taxonomy of digital surveillance cameras and provide a structured approach for extracting forensically relevant artifacts from these devices. As part of this approach, we implemented a Python-based framework for automatically and reproducibly generating test data within a camera test environment and evaluated it using 9 cameras from various manufacturers. We show that despite considerable device diversity, some devices exhibit minimal differences upon closer examination of their forensic artifacts. Still, although some generalization across camera subgroups is possible, device-specific analysis remains necessary for a comprehensive forensic investigation.

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How to cite

APA:

Eichhorn, M., Gabel, F., & Freiling, F. (2026). Every Frame You Take: A Taxonomy and Reproducible Testing Framework for Digital Surveillance Cameras. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2026.302117

MLA:

Eichhorn, Maximilian, Felix Gabel, and Felix Freiling. "Every Frame You Take: A Taxonomy and Reproducible Testing Framework for Digital Surveillance Cameras." Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation 57 (2026).

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