Standard Intravenous Concentrations in German Neonatal Intensive Care: Results of a National Consensus and Cross-Sectional Survey

Wende L, Kaune A, Schoberer M, Orlikowsky T, Wackernagel D, Haering-Zahn J, Schöne F, Bach D, Rösner B, Schubert S, Goelz R, Krämer I, Kreutzer KB, Eisert A (2026)

Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2026

Journal

Journal of Clinical Medicine MDPI

Book Volume: 15

Article Number: 2921

Journal Issue: 8

DOI: 10.3390/jcm15082921

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Medication errors remain a patient safety concern in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), mainly due to multiple dilution steps, a lack of standardized preparation instructions, and the frequent use of high-alert medications. While standard concentrations (SCs) for intravenous (iv) medication are recommended internationally, a national standard is missing for NICUs in Germany. The aim of this study was to evaluate a proposal for a national list of standardized iv medication concentrations to be used in German NICUs. Methods: In collaboration with the German Society for Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (GNPI) and the Federal Association of German Hospital Pharmacists (ADKA), a multiprofessional expert team, including experts from the medication safety initiatives TELE-KASPER and Kinderformularium.DE and affiliated with seven German university hospitals, evaluated SCs for infusion medication administered to infants weighing 500 g to 5 kg. The evaluation process was based on international SCs lists, clinical practice, stability data, and handling aspects. Medication used in at least four of the seven hospitals was shortlisted. In the first round of the consensus process, an online survey submitted to the German Level-1 NICUs (n = 165) and their affiliated hospital pharmacies identified preferred SCs. In the second round of the consensus process, the expert team further evaluated the results of the survey. Results: The survey response rate was 52%. The consensus process resulted in a list encompassing 50 iv medications and 80 appropriate SCs. Ancillary information on preparation, stability, osmolarity, pH, and practical administration was added. Conclusions: The proposed SCs for infusion medication used in NICUs have the potential to reduce medication errors, simplify electronic prescribing, and improve workflow efficiency. Implementation aligns with international patient safety initiatives to improve medication safety in pediatric patients.

Authors with CRIS profile

Julia Haering-Zahn Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine

Involved external institutions

Universitätsklinikum Aachen (UKA) DE Germany (DE) Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden DE Germany (DE) Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz DE Germany (DE) Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale) DE Germany (DE) Universitätsklinikum Tübingen DE Germany (DE) Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin DE Germany (DE) Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (JGU) DE Germany (DE)

How to cite

APA:

Wende, L., Kaune, A., Schoberer, M., Orlikowsky, T., Wackernagel, D., Haering-Zahn, J.,... Eisert, A. (2026). Standard Intravenous Concentrations in German Neonatal Intensive Care: Results of a National Consensus and Cross-Sectional Survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15082921

MLA:

Wende, Lisa, et al. "Standard Intravenous Concentrations in German Neonatal Intensive Care: Results of a National Consensus and Cross-Sectional Survey." Journal of Clinical Medicine 15.8 (2026).

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