Ladek AM, Priebe L, Harrer T, Harrer E, Michelson G, Knauer T, Dias-Nunes DX, Mardin C, Bergua A, Hohberger B (2026)
Publication Type: Journal article
Publication year: 2026
Book Volume: 14
Article Number: 855
Journal Issue: 4
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines14040855
Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disorder, characterized by symptoms such as post-exertional malaise (PEM) and cognitive impairments. This study assessed reaction time (RT) metrics in three-dimensional (3D) visual tasks with the aim of objectively quantifying the cognitive impairments in ME/CFS patients compared to controls. Methods: A total of 120 participants (60 ME/CFS patients and 60 controls) were recruited at the Department of Ophthalmology, Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg. RT was assessed using a virtual reality–oculomotor test system, presenting 3D stimuli at three disparity levels (275″, 550″, and 1100″) within three gaming repetitions (R1, R2, and R3). Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate group differences, with age and gender as covariates. Pairwise contrasts were calculated to assess changes across repetitions. Fatigue self-assessments were recorded by validated questionnaires, (FACIT Fatigue Scale, Chalder Fatigue Scale, Bell Score and Health Assessment Questionnaire), and their correlation with RT metrics was portrayed using a Spearman correlation matrix. Results: Estimated means (EM-means) for RT were significantly prolonged in ME/CFS patients compared to controls at disparity 275″ (1969 ms vs. 1384 ms; p = 0.0001), 550″ (1409 vs. 1071 ms; p = 0.0012) and 1100″ (1126 ms vs. 891 ms; p = 0.00223). Age was a significant covariate (p < 0.001), while gender showed no effect. Both groups demonstrated improvements in RT over repetitions; however, ME/CFS patients showed a significantly lower improvement compared to controls, reaching significance in R3 (p = 0.0042). RT metrics did not correlate with patients’ self-assessment scores. Conclusions: ME/CFS patients showed consistently slower RTs compared to controls, particularly in later, easier gaming repetitions, potentially reflecting the impact of fatigue.
APA:
Ladek, A.-M., Priebe, L., Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Michelson, G., Knauer, T.,... Hohberger, B. (2026). 3D Virtual Reality Performance Metrics as a Future Fatigue Biomarker in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Biomedicines, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14040855
MLA:
Ladek, Anja-Maria, et al. "3D Virtual Reality Performance Metrics as a Future Fatigue Biomarker in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)." Biomedicines 14.4 (2026).
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