Polat S, Renner G (2026)
Publication Language: English
Publication Type: Journal article, Review article
Publication year: 2026
Book Volume: 18
Pages Range: 1-19
Journal Issue: 1
Open Access Link: https://www.cedtech.net/article/general-chatbot-acceptance-enjoyment-perceived-risk-and-value-g-cavs-scale-development-and-17878
This study was conducted within the context of the KI meets vhb project funded by the Virtuelle Hochschule Bayern, which addresses the use of artificial intelligence applications in university-based teacher education. Despite the increasing use of chatbots in teacher education programs, there is a lack of comprehensive and psychometrically validated instruments to assess pre-service teachers’ perceptions of different types of education chatbots. To address this gap, the present study reports the development and validation of a scale designed to measure pre-service teachers’ perceptions of different types of chatbots used in educational contexts. The technology acceptance model (TAM, TAM 3) and the value-based adoption model (VAM) served as the theoretical foundation in the development of the scale items. Data were collected from 224 German pre-service teachers enrolled in university-based teacher education programs. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a four-factor structure, with strong model fit indices. Criterion-related validity provided initial support for the scale, as significant associations with chatbot usage frequency were observed for all dimensions except perceived risk. The four-factor structure of the scale was further confirmed in an independent sample of 263 in-service teachers in Türkiye, demonstrating the robustness of the model across different teacher populations. Overall, the G-CAVS scale emerged as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing perceptions of chatbots in teacher education contexts, with implications for broader pre-service teachers’ populations beyond the present samples.
APA:
Polat, S., & Renner, G. (2026). General chatbot acceptance, enjoyment, perceived risk, and value (G-CAVS): Scale development and validation. Contemporary Educational Technology, 18(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/17878
MLA:
Polat, Seyat, and Günter Renner. "General chatbot acceptance, enjoyment, perceived risk, and value (G-CAVS): Scale development and validation." Contemporary Educational Technology 18.1 (2026): 1-19.
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