Fine-Tuning Donor Material Deposition with Ultrasonic Aerosol Jet Printing to Balance Efficiency and Stability in Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Arango Marin V, Wortmann J, Osterrieder T, Weitz P, Rocha Ortiz JS, Wu M, Zhou X, Eller F, Heumüller T, Hauch J, Liu C, Le Corre VM, Spiecker E, Herzig EM, Lu G, Lüer L, Brabec C (2025)

Publication Language: English

Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2025

Journal

ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces American Chemical Society

Book Volume: 17

Pages Range: 46149-46160

Journal Issue: 32

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c09318

Abstract

The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken (BB) design of experiment (DoE) approach was performed, with the central point repeated four times to enhance statistical reliability, to systematically investigate the influence of ultrasonic aerosol jet printing (uAJP) parameters such as speed, flow, and power, while depositing the donor material deposition, on the acceptor/donor ratio and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Efforts were made to tune the D:A ratio to approximately 1:1.2, a composition widely used for the PM6:Y12 active layer system. Despite the sequential deposition of the donor material onto the acceptor, the resulting active layer exhibited a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology rather than a layer-by-layer (LbL) structure. Further analysis such as film-depth-dependent light absorption spectra (FLAS) and cross section of the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) or STEM-EELS was used to explore the interplay between deposition parameters and vertical blending behavior in the active layer. Finally, we evaluated the stability of these OPV devices under continuous one-sun illumination for 1080 h, revealing that the most efficient devices also exhibited the highest operational stability.

Authors with CRIS profile

Vanessa Arango Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Jonas Wortmann Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Tobias Osterrieder Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Paul Weitz Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Juan Sebastian Rocha Ortiz Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Mingjian Wu Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung) Xin Zhou Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung) Thomas Heumüller Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Jens Hauch Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Chao Liu Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Erdmann Spiecker Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffwissenschaften (Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung) Larry Lüer Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET) Christoph Brabec Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET)

Involved external institutions

Universität Bayreuth DE Germany (DE) University of Southern Denmark / Syddansk Universitet DK Denmark (DK) Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU) CN China (CN)

How to cite

APA:

Arango Marin, V., Wortmann, J., Osterrieder, T., Weitz, P., Rocha Ortiz, J.S., Wu, M.,... Brabec, C. (2025). Fine-Tuning Donor Material Deposition with Ultrasonic Aerosol Jet Printing to Balance Efficiency and Stability in Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Devices. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 17(32), 46149-46160. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c09318

MLA:

Arango Marin, Vanessa, et al. "Fine-Tuning Donor Material Deposition with Ultrasonic Aerosol Jet Printing to Balance Efficiency and Stability in Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Devices." ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 17.32 (2025): 46149-46160.

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