Parking Occupancy Detection through Adaptive Multi-Sensor Camera-CNN Fusion

Lassen V, Lübke M, Franchi N (2025)

Publication Language: English

Publication Type: Journal article, Letter

Publication year: 2025

Journal

IEEE Sensors Letters IEEE

DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3593908

Abstract

A robust multi-camera sensor system for parking-occupancy detection is introduced, combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with an adaptive fusion mechanism that leverages angular diversity. The proposed pipeline integrates viewpoint-specific bounding-box components and a distortion-reduction module that compensates for perspective-induced deformations. Under different azimuth angles and illumination conditions, including overcast, sunny, and nighttime scenarios, the fusion approach consistently outperformed single-camera systems. Notably, fusing cameras at 0∘ and 90∘ yielded an Intersection-over-Union (IoU) of 0.898 without correction, while the distortion-reduction module improved IoU from 0.734 to 0.856 in geometrically challenging cases. The method also maintained robust performance in low-light environments, where individual camera views degraded. Designed for scalability and minimal calibration effort, the architecture supports geometry-consistent localization across multiple sensor perspectives. These results demonstrate that combining angular fusion with correction-aware processing offers substantial gains in precision and robustness. The system is particularly suited for real-world deployment in smart parking applications under complex environmental conditions.

Authors with CRIS profile

Vincent Lassen Lehrstuhl für Intelligente Technische Elektronik und Systeme Maximilian Lübke Lehrstuhl für Intelligente Technische Elektronik und Systeme Norman Franchi Lehrstuhl für Intelligente Technische Elektronik und Systeme

How to cite

APA:

Lassen, V., Lübke, M., & Franchi, N. (2025). Parking Occupancy Detection through Adaptive Multi-Sensor Camera-CNN Fusion. IEEE Sensors Letters. https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3593908

MLA:

Lassen, Vincent, Maximilian Lübke, and Norman Franchi. "Parking Occupancy Detection through Adaptive Multi-Sensor Camera-CNN Fusion." IEEE Sensors Letters (2025).

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