The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector

Abeysekara AU, Albert A, Alfaro R, Alvarez C, Álvarez JD, Araya M, Arteaga-Velázquez JC, Arunbabu KP, Rojas DA, Solares HA, Babu R, Barber AS, Becerril A, Belmont-Moreno E, BenZvi SY, Blanco O, Braun J, Brisbois C, Caballero-Mora KS, Martínez JI, Capistrán T, Carramiñana A, Casanova S, Castillo M, Chaparro-Amaro O, Cotti U, Cotzomi J, de León SC, de la Fuente E, de León C, De Young T, Hernandez RD, Dingus BL, DuVernois MA, Durocher M, Díaz-Vélez JC, Ellsworth RW, Engel K, Espinoza C, Fan KL, Fang K, Fick B, Fleischhack H, Flores JL, Fraija N, García-González JA, Garcia-Torales G, Garfias F, Giacinti G, Goksu H, González MM, González-Muñoz A, Goodman JA, Harding JP, Hernandez E, Hernandez S, Hinton J, Hona B, Huang D, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla F, Hui CM, Humensky TB, Hüntemeyer P, Iriarte A, Imran A, Jardin-Blicq A, Joshi V, Kaufmann S, Kieda D, Kunde GJ, Lara A, Lauer R, Lee WH, Lennarz D, Vargas HL, Linnemann JT, Longinotti AL, Luis-Raya G, Lundeen J, Malone K, Marandon V, Marinelli A, Martinez O, Martínez-Castellanos I, Martínez-Castro J, Martínez-Huerta H, Matthews JA, Miranda-Romagnoli P, Montaruli T, Morales-Soto JA, Moreno E, Mostafá M, Nayerhoda A, Nellen L, Newbold M, Nisa MU, Noriega-Papaqui R, Oceguera-Becerra T, Olivera-Nieto L, Omodei N, Peisker A, Araujo YP, Pérez-Pérez EG, Ponce E, Pretz J, Rho CD, Rosa-González D, Ruiz-Velasco E, Salazar H, Salazar-Gallegos D, Greus FS, Sandoval A, Schneider M, Schoorlemmer H, Serna-Franco J, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Son Y, Woodle KS, Springer RW, Taboada I, Tepe A, Tibolla O, Tollefson K, Torres I, Torres-Escobedo R, Turner R, Ureña-Mena F, Ukwatta TN, Varela E, Vargas-Magaña M, Villaseñor L, Wang X, Watson IJ, Werner F, Westerhoff S, Willox E, Wisher I, Wood J, Yodh GB, Zaborov D, Zepeda A, Zhou H (2023)

Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2023

Journal

Book Volume: 1052

Article Number: 168253

DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

Abstract

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in México at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware.

Authors with CRIS profile

Involved external institutions

University of Utah United States (USA) (US) Los Alamos National Laboratory United States (USA) (US) National Autonomous University of Mexico / Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Mexico (MX) Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH) Mexico (MX) Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH) Mexico (MX) Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica (CR) Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) United States (USA) (US) University of Rochester (UR) United States (USA) (US) Universidad de Guadalajara (UDEG) Mexico (MX) University of Wisconsin - Madison United States (USA) (US) University of Maryland United States (USA) (US) Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN / Instytut Fizyki Jądrowej im. Henryka Niewodniczańskiego PAN Poland (PL) National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico / Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México Mexico (MX) Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) / Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla Mexico (MX) Michigan State University United States (USA) (US) National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics / Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) Mexico (MX) Michigan Technological University United States (USA) (US) Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK) / Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics Germany (DE) Stanford University United States (USA) (US) Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca (UPP) Mexico (MX) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Korea, Republic of (KR) Georgia Institute of Technology United States (USA) (US) Shanghai Jiao Tong University / 上海交通大学 China (CN) University of California Irvine United States (USA) (US) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) United States (USA) (US) Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM) Mexico (MX) University of New Mexico (UNM) / Universidad de Nuevo México United States (USA) (US) Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM) Mexico (MX) Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo / Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Mexico (MX)

How to cite

APA:

Abeysekara, A.U., Albert, A., Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Álvarez, J.D., Araya, M.,... Zhou, H. (2023). The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2023.168253

MLA:

Abeysekara, A. U., et al. "The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1052 (2023).

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