A model for the nonautonomous Hopf bifurcation

Inspired by an example of Grebogi et al (1984 Physica D 13 261–8), we study a class of model systems which exhibit the full two-step scenario for the nonautonomous Hopf bifurcation, as proposed by Arnold (1998 Random Dynamical Systems (Berlin: Springer)). The specific structure of these models allows a rigorous and thorough analysis of the bifurcation pattern. In particular, we show the existence of an invariant 'generalised torus' splitting off a previously stable central manifold after the second bifurcation point.

The scenario is described in two different settings. First, we consider deterministically forced models, which can be treated as continuous skew product systems on a compact product space. Secondly, we treat randomly forced systems, which lead to skew products over a measure-preserving base transformation. In the random case, a semiuniform ergodic theorem for random dynamical systems is required, to make up for the lack of compactness.