% Encoding: UTF-8
@COMMENT{BibTeX export based on data in FAU CRIS: https://cris.fau.de/}
@COMMENT{For any questions please write to cris-support@fau.de}
@article{faucris.284391389,
author = {Bollmann, Jonas and Schmidt, Nikolas and Beck, Dominik and Preuster, Patrick and Zigan, Lars and Wasserscheid, Peter and Will, Stefan},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.234},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Dynamic heat supply; Hydrogen storage; Dehydrogenation; LOHC; Porous media burner},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{A} path to a dynamic hydrogen storage system using a liquid organic hydrogen carrier ({LOHC}): {Burner}-based direct heating of the dehydrogenation unit},
year = {2022}
}
@article{faucris.216842018,
abstract = {In this paper, a kinetic model for the catalytic dehydrogenation of perhydro dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), a well-established Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) compound, is presented. Kinetic parameters for hydrogen release at a Pt on alumina catalyst in a temperature range between 260 °C and 310 °C are presented. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system model was coupled to the hydrogen release from H18-DBT in order to validate the full sequence of LOHC-bound hydrogen-to-electric power. A system layout is described and investigated according to its transient operating behavior and its efficiency. We demonstrate that the maximum efficiency of LOHC-bound hydrogen-to-electricity is 45% at full load, avoiding any critical conditions for the system components.},
author = {Peters, Roland and Deja, Robert and Fang, Qingping and Nguyen, Van Nhu and Preuster, Patrick and Blum, Ludger and Wasserscheid, Peter and Stolten, Detlef},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.220},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Future energy systems; Heat integration; Hydrogen storage; LOHC; Off-grid energy supply; SOFC},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-05-02},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{A} solid oxide fuel cell operating on liquid organic hydrogen carrier-based hydrogen – {A} kinetic model of the hydrogen release unit and system performance},
year = {2019}
}
@article{faucris.238260025,
abstract = {In this contribution we propose mixtures of the two LOHC systems benzyltoluene (H0-BT)/perhydro benzyltoluene (H12-BT) and dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT)/perhydro dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT) as promising hydrogen storage media for technical applications at temperatures below ambient. The mixing of the two LOHC systems provides the advantage of a reduced viscosity of the hydrogen-rich system, for example a 20 wt% addition of H12-BT to H18-DBT reduces the viscosity at 10 °C by 80%. Interestingly, it is also found that the dehydrogenation of such mixture provides a hydrogen release productivity that is 12–16% higher compared to pure H18-DBT dehydrogenation under otherwise identical conditions. This enhanced rate is attributed to a combination of reduced hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor (due to the higher H12-BT vapor pressure), preferred H12-BT dehydrogenation (due to faster H12-BT diffusion) and effective transfer hydrogenation between the two LOHC systems.},
author = {Jorschick, Holger and Geißelbrecht, Michael and Eßl, Melanie and Preuster, Patrick and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.210},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Benzyltoluene; Dehydrogenation; Dibenzyltoluene; Hydrogen storage; Hydrogenation; LOHC systems},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-05-12},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Benzyltoluene}/dibenzyltoluene-based mixtures as suitable liquid organic hydrogen carrier systems for low temperature applications},
year = {2020}
}
@article{faucris.112932644,
abstract = {Formic acid (FA) is an important platform chemical that has numerous applications in the chemical, agricultural and leather industry. So far, FA is exclusively produced from fossil raw materials using either carbonylation of methanol or acidolysis of formates. In this contribution, sustainable and environmentallyfriendly approaches to produce biogenic FA from biomass (e.g. OxFA-process) are presented and combined with different approaches for the catalytic decomposition of bio-based FA solutions. Several homogeneous and heterogeneous approaches for the catalytic decomposition of aqueous FA to hydrogen and CO2 are compared for their applicability. Moreover, their technical application in fuel cells or as energy storage vector respectively hydrogen storage molecule are discussed.},
author = {Preuster, Patrick and Albert, Jakob},
doi = {10.1002/ente.201700572},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Energy Technology},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Biogenic} formic acid as a green hydrogen carrier},
year = {2018}
}
@article{faucris.263741985,
abstract = {Hydrogen storage and transport via Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) is gaining increasing attention. In this study, we present catalytically activated stainless steel plates as a promising alternative to the commonly used pellet catalysts for the dehydrogenation of perhydro dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT). These plate catalysts promise better heat transport to the active sites. For improved performance, we modified our Pt/alumina plate catalysts by using i) platinum sulfite impregnation and ii) post-treatment with (NH4)2SO4. Post-treatment with (NH4)2SO4 resulted in a less active catalyst with lower formation of high-boiling side products compared to the S-free plate catalyst. Catalysts prepared with platinum sulfite showed both >35% higher activities and 90% reduction in high-boiler formation compared to the S-free plate catalysts. Our findings pave the way for the development of catalytically activated heat transfer plates that would allow the incorporation of LOHC dehydrogenation units into the geometry of future high temperature fuel cell stacks.},
author = {Solymosi, Thomas Andrew and Auer, Franziska and Dürr, Stefan and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.040},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Dehydrogenation; LOHC; Perhydro dibenzyltoluene; Plate catalysts; Selective poisoning},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-09-10},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Catalytically} activated stainless steel plates for the dehydrogenation of perhydro dibenzyltoluene},
year = {2021}
}
@article{faucris.123633664,
abstract = {Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems offer a very attractive way for storing and distributing hydrogen from electrolysis using excess energies from solar or wind power plants. In this contribution, an alternative, high-value utilization of such hydrogen is proposed namely its use in steady-state chemical hydrogenation processes. We here demonstrate that the hydrogen-rich form of the LOHC system dibenzyltoluene/perhydro-dibenzyltoluene can be directly applied as sole source of hydrogen in the hydrogenation of toluene, a model reaction for large-scale technical hydrogenations. Equilibrium experiments using perhydro-dibenzyltoluene and toluene in a ratio of 1:3 (thus in a stoichiometric ratio with respect to H) yield conversions above 60%, corresponding to an equilibrium constant significantly higher than 1 under the applied conditions (270 °C).},
author = {Geburtig, Denise and Preuster, Patrick and Bösmann, Andreas and Müller, Karsten and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.013},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Dehydrogenation; Dibenzyltoluene; Hydrogen storage; Hydrogenation; Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier; Transfer hydrogenation},
pages = {1010-1017},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Chemical} utilization of hydrogen from fluctuating energy sources - {Catalytic} transfer hydrogenation from charged {Liquid} {Organic} {Hydrogen} {Carrier} systems},
volume = {41},
year = {2016}
}
@article{faucris.218990035,
abstract = {Unfortunately, we must admit that we discovered an error in our previous calculation. The work that we presented had an error related to the GH2 truck-supplied fuel station. In our script, we highlighted that the model includes additional trailer costs at the fuelling station under the assumption that the trailer serves as low pressure storage. Unfortunately, the model did not factor this cost into the fueling station's cost as intended, and thereby underestimated the specific cost of hydrogen for gaseous trailer-supplied fueling stations by 0.34€/kWh. This influences the costs noted in to Figs. 6–9 and 14. The new figures are shown below: Fig. 6. Hydrogen cost at the fuelling station regarding the full supply chain (Electrolysis, seasonal storage, transportation, fuelling station)for transport = storage. [Figure presented]Regarding the surface diagram from Fig. 6, it became obvious that the gaseous truck transportation is increasing in cost compared to the previously submitted picture. This leads to a smaller area in which the gas truck is the cheapest option. The pipeline is now the cheapest solution for high demand at ∼50 km distance. Fig. 7. Hydrogen costs for pathways without conversion between storage and transportation modules at 250 km distance and 50 t/day hydrogen demand. [Figure presented]Fig. 8. Hydrogen cost at the fuelling station regarding the full supply chain (Electrolysis, seasonal storage, transport, fuelling station). [Figure presented]With regard to Fig. 8, the option LOHC tank, GH2 truck, is no longer visible on the surface plot. Due to the increased fuel station cost, this combination is no longer cost-competitive. Fig. 9. Cost comparison of pathways without seasonal GH2-Tanks at 250 km distance and 50 t/day hydrogen demand. [Figure presented]With regard to Fig. 9, the truck-supplied fuel station with GH2 cavern is now more expensive than LOHC trucks, as well as LH2 trucks with GH2 caverns. The changes in Fig. 14 are similar to Fig. 9. Fig. 14. Comparison of different heat sources for LOHC stations at 250 km and 50 t/day hydrogen demand. [Figure presented]These amendments will not affect the main conclusions of the paper. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.},
author = {Reuß, M. and Grube, T. and Robinius, M. and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter and Stolten, D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113311},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Applied Energy},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-05-28},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Corrigendum} to “{Seasonal} storage and alternative carriers: {A} flexible hydrogen supply chain model” [{Appl}. {Energy} 200 (2017)290–302]({S0306261917305457})(10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050)},
year = {2019}
}
@article{faucris.289031778,
abstract = {The utilization of hydrogen as a fuel in free jet burners faces particular challenges due to its special combustion properties. The high laminar and turbulent flame velocities may lead to issues in flame stability and operational safety in premixed and partially premixed burners. Additionally, a high adiabatic combustion temperature favors the formation of thermal nitric oxides (NO). This study presents the development and optimization of a partially premixed hydrogen burner with low emissions of nitric oxides. The single-nozzle burner features a very short premixing duct and a simple geometric design. In a first development step, the design of the burner is optimized by numerical investigation (Star CCM+) of mixture formation, which is improved by geometric changes of the nozzle. The impact of geometric optimization and of humidification of the combustion air on NOx emissions is then investigated experimentally. The hydrogen flame is detected with an infrared camera to evaluate the flame stability for different burner configurations. The improved mixture formation by geometric optimization avoids temperature peaks and leads to a noticeable reduction in NOx emissions for equivalence ratios below 0.85. The experimental investigations also show that NOx emissions decrease with increasing relative humidity of combustion air. This single-nozzle forms the basis for multi-nozzle burners, where the desired output power can flexibly be adjusted by the number of single nozzles.},
author = {Schmidt, Nikolas and Müller, Marcel and Preuster, Patrick and Zigan, Lars and Wasserscheid, Peter and Will, Stefan},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.012},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Flame stability; Hydrogen burner; Lean combustion; Low-NO; Premixed combustion},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-02-10},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Development} and characterization of a low-{NOx} partially premixed hydrogen burner using numerical simulation and flame diagnostics},
year = {2023}
}
@article{faucris.109118944,
author = {Fikrt, André and Brehmer, Richard and Milella, Vito-Oronzo and Müller, Karsten and Bösmann, Andreas and Preuster, Patrick and Alt, Nicolas and Schlücker, Eberhard and Wasserscheid, Peter and Arlt, Wolfgang},
doi = {10.1002/201600388},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Applied Energy},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Dynamic} power supply by hydrogen bound to a liquid organic hydrogen carrier},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{faucris.118200984,
author = {Preuster, Patrick and Wagner, Lisa and Nuß, Andreas and Geiling, Johannes and Steinberger, Michael and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
booktitle = {21st World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2016, WHEC 2016},
date = {2016-06-13/2016-06-16},
faupublication = {yes},
pages = {722-723},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
publisher = {Spanish Hydrogen Association - Asociacion Espanola del Hidrogeno, AEH2},
title = {{Evaluation} of a novel reactor concept for the process intensification and intelligent heat management in the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of {Liquid} {Organic} {Hydrogen} {Carriers}},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85016937508&origin=inward},
venue = {Saragossa},
year = {2016}
}
@article{faucris.262979962,
abstract = {Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems store hydrogen through a catalyst-promoted exothermal hydrogenation reaction and release hydrogen through an endothermal catalytic dehydrogenation reaction. At a given pressure and temperature the amount of releasable hydrogen depends on the reaction equilibrium of the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reaction. Thus, the equilibrium composition of a given LOHC system is one of the key parameters for the reactor and process design of hydrogen storage and release units. Currently, LOHC equilibrium data are calculated on the basis of calorimetric data of selected, pure hydrogen-lean and hydrogen-rich LOHC compounds. Yet, real reaction systems comprise a variety of isomers, their respective partially hydrogenated species as well as by-products formed during multiple hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycles. Therefore, our study focuses on an empirical approach to describe the temperature and pressure dependency of the hydrogenation equilibrium of the LOHC system H0/H18-DBT under real life experimental conditions. Because reliable measurements of the degree of hydrogenation (DoH) play a vital role in this context, we describe in this contribution two novel methods of DoH determination for LOHC systems based on 13C NMR and GC-FID measurements.},
author = {Dürr, Stefan and Zilm, S. and Geißelbrecht, Michael and Müller, Karsten and Preuster, Patrick and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.119},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Degree of hydrogenation; Equilibrium; Hydrogen storage; Hydrogenation; LOHC},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-08-20},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Experimental} determination of the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation - {Equilibrium} of the {LOHC} system {H0}/{H18}-dibenzyltoluene},
year = {2021}
}
@article{faucris.252094104,
abstract = {This review deals with the chemical storage of green hydrogen in the form of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems. LOHC systems store hydrogen by an exothermal catalytic hydrogenation reaction that converts the hydrogen-lean compounds of the LOHC system to their hydrogen-rich counterparts. All compounds of a technically suitable LOHC system are liquids and this offers the advantage of simple logistics of chemically bound hydrogen in the existing infrastructure for fuels. On demand, hydrogen can be released from the hydrogen-rich LOHC molecule in an endothermal catalytic dehydrogenation at low hydrogen pressure (typically below 5 bar). Our contribution deals first with available sources of green hydrogen for a future hydrogen economy and then describes established technical processes to produce clean hydrogen from technically hydrogen-rich gas mixtures. Subsequently, the review focuses on the hydrogenation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds as the key step of the LOHC-based hydrogen storage cycle. Special emphasis is given to the hydrogen-charging of hydrogen-lean LOHC compounds with various gas mixtures demonstrating that such a Mixed Gas Hydrogenation (MGH) process offers the technical potential to selectively extract hydrogen in a chemically bound form that enables very efficient hydrogen logistics. In this way, low cost hydrogen sources can be connected to high value hydrogen application, e.g. hydrogen filling stations for clean mobility applications, to enable a future hydrogen economy.},
author = {Jorschick, Holger and Preuster, Patrick and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1039/d0se01369b},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Sustainable Energy & Fuels},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-03-19},
pages = {1311-1346},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Hydrogenation} of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds-a key process for future logistics of green hydrogen using liquid organic hydrogen carrier systems},
volume = {5},
year = {2021}
}
@article{faucris.107928304,
abstract = {The catalytic hydrogenation of the LOHC compound dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT) was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy in order to elucidate the reaction pathway of its charging process with hydrogen in the context of future hydrogen storage applications. Five different reaction pathways during H0-DBT hydrogenation were considered including middle-ring preference (middle-side-side, MSS), side-middle-side order of hydrogenation (SMS), side-ring preference (SSM), simultaneous hydrogenation of all three rings without intermediate formation and statistical hydrogenation without any ring preference. Detailed analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of the H0-DBT hydrogenation over time revealed that the reaction proceeds with a very high preference for the SSM order at temperatures between 120 °C and 200 °C and 50 bar in the presence of a Ru/Al2O3-catalyst. HPLC analysis supported this interpretation by confirming an accumulation of H12-DBT species prior to full hydrogenation to H18-DBT with middle ring hydrogenation as the final step.},
author = {Do, Truong Giang and Preuster, Patrick and Aslam, Rabya and Bösmann, Andreas and Müller, Karsten and Arlt, Wolfgang and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1039/C5RE00080G},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Reaction Chemistry & Engineering},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Hydrogenation} of the liquid organic hydrogen carrier compound dibenzyltoluene – reaction pathway determination by {1H} {NMR} spectroscopy},
year = {2016}
}
@article{faucris.118201644,
abstract = {Our contribution demonstrates that hydrogen storage in stationary Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems becomes much simpler and significantly more efficient if both, the LOHC hydrogenation and the LOHC dehydrogenation reaction are carried out in the same reactor using the same catalyst. The finding that the typical dehydrogenation catalyst for hydrogen release from perhydro dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), Pt on alumina, turns into a highly active and very selective dibenzyltoluene hydrogenation catalyst at temperatures above 220 °C paves the way for our new hydrogen storage concept. Herein, hydrogenation of H0-DBT and dehydrogenation of H18-DBT is carried out at the same elevated temperature between 290 and 310 °C with hydrogen pressure being the only variable for shifting the equilibrium between hydrogen loading and release. We demonstrate that the heat of hydrogenation can be provided at a temperature level suitable for effective dehydrogenation catalysis. Combined with a heat storage device of appropriate capacity or a high pressure steam system, this heat could be used for dehydrogenation.},
author = {Jorschick, Holger and Preuster, Patrick and Dürr, Stefan and Seidel, Alexander and Müller, Karsten and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1039/c7ee00476a},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Energy and Environmental Science},
pages = {1652-1659},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Hydrogen} storage using a hot pressure swing reactor},
volume = {10},
year = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{faucris.213198793,
author = {Dürr, Stefan and Wagner, Lisa and Steinberger, Michael and Geiling, Johannes and Preuster, Patrick and Oechsner, Richard and Wasserscheid, Peter},
booktitle = {Integration of Sustainable Energy Conference, Nürnberg},
date = {2018-07-17/2018-07-18},
faupublication = {yes},
peerreviewed = {unknown},
title = {{Hydrogen} {Storage} via {Pressure} {Swing} {Reaction} – {Development} and {Advantages} of {Continuous} {Reactor} {Design}},
venue = {Messe Nürnberg},
year = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{faucris.213199138,
author = {Dürr, Stefan and Wagner, Lisa and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter},
booktitle = {World Hydrogen Energy Conference},
date = {2018-06-18/2018-06-21},
faupublication = {yes},
peerreviewed = {unknown},
title = {{Hydrogen} {Storage} via {Pressure} {Swing} {Reaction} – from {Batch} to {Continuous} {Reactor} {Design}},
venue = {Rio de Janeiro},
year = {2018}
}
@article{faucris.285005029,
abstract = {In hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs), molecular hydrogen (H2) is present, but its influence on the thermophysical properties of the LOHC compounds is still hardly known. This study provides experimental results from surface light scattering and predictions from molecular dynamics simulations on the influence of dissolved H2 on the liquid viscosity, interfacial tension, and liquid density of the LOHC system based on diphenylmethane at varying degree of hydrogenation, process-relevant temperatures up to 573 K, and pressures up to 7 MPa. First-time measurements of the viscosity of bicyclic hydrocarbon compounds in the presence of dissolved H2 at saturation conditions reveal a negligible effect of pressure. The interfacial tension decreases independently of the LOHC composition by about 6% at 7 MPa. The simulations can adequately represent the effect of H2 on the interfacial tension and evidence a weak enrichment of H2 at the interface.},
author = {Kerscher, Manuel and Klein, Tobias and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter and Koller, Thomas Manfred and Rausch, Michael Heinrich and Fröba, Andreas Paul},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.078},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Density; Dissolved hydrogen; Interfacial tension; LOHC systems; Pressure; Viscosity},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2022-11-11},
pages = {39163-39178},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Influence} of dissolved hydrogen on the viscosity and interfacial tension of the liquid organic hydrogen carrier system based on diphenylmethane by surface light scattering and molecular dynamics simulations},
volume = {47},
year = {2022}
}
@misc{faucris.113100724,
abstract = {An installation for reservoirs of energy comprises a H prodn. unit for producing H, a H storage device for reservoirs the carrier loaded by H with a load unit for loading a carrier with the H produced in the H prodn. unit and with an unloading unit for the discharge of the H of, a heat prodn. unit for producing heat and a heat storage unit for reservoirs by the heat prodn. unit produced heat, whereby the heat storage unit is connected with the unloading unit for making available heat. [on SciFinder(R)]},
author = {Bösmann, Andreas and Preuster, Patrick and Schmidt, Matthias and Teichmann, Daniel and Wasserscheid, Peter and Arlt, Wolfgang},
faupublication = {yes},
keywords = {installation reservoir hydrogen energy},
peerreviewed = {automatic},
title = {{Installation} and process for reservoirs of hydrogen energy.},
year = {2015}
}
@article{faucris.118058864,
abstract = {The need to drastically reduce CO2 emissions will lead to the transformation of our current, carbon-based energy system to a more sustainable, renewable-based one. In this process, hydrogen will gain increasing importance as secondary energy vector. Energy storage requirements on the TWh scale (to bridge extended times of low wind and sun harvest) and global logistics of renewable energy equivalents will create additional driving forces toward a future hydrogen economy. However, the nature of hydrogen requires dedicated infrastructures, and this has prevented so far the introduction of elemental hydrogen into the energy sector to a large extent. Recent scientific and technological progress in handling hydrogen in chemically bound form as liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) supports the technological vision that a future hydrogen economy may work without handling large amounts of elemental hydrogen. LOHC systems are composed of pairs of hydrogen-lean and hydrogen-rich organic compounds that store hydrogen by repeated catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation cycles. While hydrogen handling in the form of LOHCs allows for using the existing infrastructure for fuels, it also builds on the existing public confidence in dealing with liquid energy carriers. In contrast to hydrogen storage by hydrogenation of gases, such as CO2 or N2, hydrogen release from LOHC systems produces pure hydrogen after condensation of the high-boiling carrier compounds.
This Account highlights the current state-of-the-art in hydrogen storage using LOHC systems. It first introduces fundamental aspects of a future hydrogen economy and derives therefrom requirements for suitable LOHC compounds. Molecular structures that have been successfully applied in the literature are presented, and their property profiles are discussed. Fundamental and applied aspects of the involved hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysis are discussed, characteristic differences for the catalytic conversion of pure hydrocarbon and nitrogen-containing LOHC compounds are derived from the literature, and attractive future research directions are highlighted.
Finally, applications of the LOHC technology are presented. This part covers stationary energy storage (on-grid and off-grid), hydrogen logistics, and on-board hydrogen production for mobile applications. Technology readiness of these fields is very different. For stationary energy storage systems, the feasibility of the LOHC technology has been recently proven in commercial demonstrators, and cost aspects will decide on their further commercial success. For other highly attractive options, such as, hydrogen delivery to hydrogen filling stations or direct-LOHC-fuel cell applications, significant efforts in fundamental and applied research are still needed and, hopefully, encouraged by this Account.},
author = {Preuster, Patrick and Papp, Christian and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00474},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},
pages = {74-85},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Liquid} organic hydrogen carriers ({LOHCs}): {Toward} a hydrogen-free hydrogen economy},
volume = {50},
year = {2017}
}
@article{faucris.250566195,
abstract = {One of the main challenges currently hindering the transition to energy systems based on renewable power generation is grid stability. To compensate for the volatility of wind- and solar-based power generation, storage facilities able to adapt to seasonal and short-term differences in energy production and demand are required. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) represent a viable method of chemically binding elemental hydrogen, offering opportunities for large-scale and safe energy storage. In times of energy shortage, flexible and dispatchable power generation technologies such as gas turbines can be fueled by hydrogen stored in this manner. Hydrogen can be released from its liquid carrier via an endothermic dehydrogenation reaction using waste heat provided by the gas turbine. This gaseous hydrogen can be supplied to the gas turbine combustion chamber using a hydrogen compressor. In this study, a steady-state model is developed in order to analyze the heat-integrated combination of a 7.7 MW hydrogen-fired gas turbine and a perhydrodibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT)/dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT) LOHC system. For the best-performing parameter set, the effective storage density of the LOHC oil comes to 1.5 kWh/L. This value is situated in between that of compressed hydrogen at 350 bar (1.01 kWh/L) and liquid hydrogen (2.33 kWh/L). Concurrently, the corresponding energy required for hydrogen compression reduces the overall system efficiency to 22.00% (GT=30.15%). The resulting optimal electricity yield, being a product of these two values, amounts to 0.33 kWhel/L.},
author = {Dennis, Jason and Bexten, Thomas and Petersen, Nils and Wirsum, Manfred and Preuster, Patrick},
doi = {10.1115/1.4048596},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Journal of Engineering For Gas Turbines and Power-Transactions of the Asme},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-02-26},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Model}-{Based} {Analysis} of a {Liquid} {Organic} {Hydrogen} {Carrier} ({LOHC}) {System} for the {Operation} of a {Hydrogen}-{Fired} {Gas} {Turbine}},
volume = {143},
year = {2021}
}
@article{faucris.309667023,
abstract = {Hydrogen storage in liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) enables the utilization of renewable energy in different sectors. In this paper, we describe the operational experience with one single LOHC system for bidirectional electrical energy storage at the kW scale. The system includes a reactor for the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of LOHC, as well as a fuel cell and an electrolyzer based on polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology. The LOHC used is the substance pair dibenzyltoluene/perhydro-dibenzyltoluene. For dehydrogenation, the upflow operation with common discharge of liquid and gaseous product was found to be the preferred mode of operation. For hydrogenation, it was shown that stable operation is possible also with fluctuating hydrogen production from the electrolyzer. After operating the reactor for 725 h in the hot state, i.e., at temperatures above 150 ∘C, samples of the catalyst and LOHC were taken and analyzed. These showed no signs of serious degradation.},
author = {Geiling, Johannes and Wagner, Lisa and Auer, Franziska and Ortner, Florian and Nuß, Andreas and Seyfried, Roman and Stammberger, Florian and Steinberger, Michael and Bösmann, Andreas and Öchsner, Richard and Wasserscheid, Peter and Graichen, Knut and März, Martin and Preuster, Patrick},
doi = {10.1016/j.est.2023.108478},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Journal of Energy Storage},
keywords = {Catalyst; Hydrogen storage; Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC); Operation experience; PEM electrolyzer; PEM fuel cell},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-08-25},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Operational} experience with a liquid organic hydrogen carrier ({LOHC}) system for bidirectional storage of electrical energy over 725 h},
volume = {72},
year = {2023}
}
@article{faucris.206144887,
abstract = {Apart from hydrogen logistics, stationary hydrogen storage applications using Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems are also of significant interest. In contrast to the traditional use of separate hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactors, our so-called oneReactor technology offers the advantages of a simpler storage unit layout and high dynamics in switching from hydrogen charging to hydrogen release. Here we report repeated hydrogenation and dehydrogenation cycles with one batch of liquid carrier for LOHC stability tests under defined hydrogenation and dehydrogenation conditions. We demonstrate up to 13 hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycles over a total of 405 h of operation including two long dehydrogenation sequences over weekends. In general, longer dehydrogenation runs, i.e. exposure of the LOHC to catalyst at low hydrogen pressure and elevated temperatures (> 280 °C), showed negative effects on both activity of the subsequent cycles and by-product formation. Concerning catalyst activity and hydrogen productivity, stable productivity was achieved (within 3 to 9 cycles) under all conditions tested. Longer hydrogenation runs led to significantly higher stability of the reaction system.},
author = {Jorschick, Holger and Dürr, Stefan and Preuster, Patrick and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1002/ente.201800499},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Energy Technology},
keywords = {hydrogen storage, LOHC systems, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, platinum, stability},
peerreviewed = {unknown},
title = {{Operational} stability of a {LOHC}-based hot pressure swing reactor for hydrogen storage},
year = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{faucris.294576060,
abstract = {This study presents benzyltoluene/perhydro benzyltoluene (H0-BT/H12-BT) as favourable liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) system for potential technical applications. LOHCs can enable safe and efficient hydrogen logistics using the existent fuel infrastructure. Compared with the well-established LOHC systems toluene/methylcyclohexane and dibenzyltoluene/perhydro dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT/H18-DBT), the H0-BT/H12-BT system combines a similarly high volumetric storage density and excellent robustness in hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycles with low viscosity for easy handling in colder operation conditions. Herein, we report repeated hydrogenation and dehydrogenation cycles of technical grade LOHCs in semi continuous operation at 290 °C with a commercial platinum on alumina catalyst (Pt/Al2O3). Reaction rates for both, hydrogen uptake and release, are generally found to be higher for H0-BT/H12-BT when compared to the DBT-based LOHC system at identical reaction conditions. By-product formation is low during cycling of the H0-BT/H12-BT system and only small amounts of the dehydrocyclisation products, such as methylfluorene species, are formed that can themselves act as hydrogen carrier.},
author = {Rüde, Timo and Preuster, Patrick and Wolf, Moritz and Wasserscheid, Peter},
booktitle = {Proceedings of WHEC 2022 - 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2},
date = {2022-06-26/2022-06-30},
editor = {Ibrahim Dincer, Can Ozgur Colpan, Mehmet Akif Ezan},
faupublication = {yes},
isbn = {9786250008430},
keywords = {Benzyltoluene; by-product formation; Chemical Hydrogen Storage; reaction rate; repeated storage cycles},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-03-29},
pages = {563-566},
peerreviewed = {unknown},
publisher = {International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE},
title = {{PERFORMANCE} {OF} {BENZYLTOLUENE} {AS} {PURE} {HYDROCARBON} {LIQUID} {ORGANIC} {HYDROGEN} {CARRIER} ({LOHC}) {IN} {STORAGE} {CYCLES}},
venue = {Istanbul, TUR},
year = {2022}
}
@article{faucris.255679949,
abstract = {We demonstrate that the combination of hydrogen release from a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) system with electrochemical hydrogen compression (EHC) provides three decisive advantages over the state-of-the-art hydrogen provision from such storage system: a) The EHC device produces reduced hydrogen pressure on its suction side connected to the LOHC dehydrogenation unit, thus shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium towards dehydrogenation and accelerating the hydrogen release; b) the EHC device compresses the hydrogen released from the carrier system thus producing high value compressed hydrogen; c) the EHC process is selective for proton transport and thus the process purifies hydrogen from impurities, such as traces of methane. We demonstrate this combination for the production of compressed hydrogen (absolute pressure of 6 bar) from perhydro dibenzyltoluene at dehydrogenation temperatures down to 240 °C in a quality suitable for fuel cell operation, e.g. in a fuel cell vehicle. The presented technology may be highly attractive for providing compressed hydrogen at future hydrogen filling stations that receive and store hydrogen in a LOHC-bound manner.},
author = {Mrusek, Stephan and Preuster, Patrick and Müller, Karsten and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.021},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Compression; Dehydrogenation; Heat integration; Hydrogen storage; Purity},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-04-19},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Pressurized} hydrogen from charged liquid organic hydrogen carrier systems by electrochemical hydrogen compression},
year = {2021}
}
@article{faucris.230755132,
abstract = {While Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems offer a very promising way of infrastructure-compatible storage and transport of hydrogen, the hydrogen quality released from charged LOHC compounds by catalytic dehydrogenation has been a surprisingly rarely discussed topic to date. This contribution deals, therefore, with a detailed analysis of the hydrogen purity released from the hydrogen-rich Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier compound perhydro dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT). We demonstrate, that high purity hydrogen (>99.999%) with carbon monoxide levels below 0.2 ppmv can be obtained from the dehydrogenation of H18-DBT if the applied H18-DBT had been carefully pre-dried and pre-purified prior to the dehydrogenation experiment. Indeed, the largest part of relevant impurities to comply with the hydrogen quality standard for fuel cells in road vehicles (ISO 14687-2) was found to originate from water and oxygenate impurities present in the applied, technical LOHC qualities.},
author = {Bulgarin, Alexander and Jorschick, Holger and Preuster, Patrick and Bösmann, Andreas and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.067},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Carbon monoxide; Hydrogen storage; LOHC systems; Oxygenates; Water},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-12-20},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Purity} of hydrogen released from the {Liquid} {Organic} {Hydrogen} {Carrier} compound perhydro dibenzyltoluene by catalytic dehydrogenation},
year = {2019}
}
@article{faucris.122852004,
abstract = {The Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) concept offers an efficient route to store hydrogen using organic compounds that are reversibly hydrogenated and dehydrogenated. One important challenge towards application of the LOHC technology at a larger scale is to minimize degradation of Pt-based dehydrogenation catalysts during long-term operation. Herein, we investigate the regeneration of Pt/alumina catalysts poisoned by LOHC degradation. We combine ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) studies on Pt(111), investigations on well-defined Pt/AlO model catalysts, and near-ambient pressure (NAP) measurements on real core-shell Pt/AlO catalyst pellets. The catalysts were purposely poisoned by reaction with the LOHC perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-MSH) and with dicyclohexylmethane (DCHM) as a simpler model compound. We focus on oxidative regeneration under conditions that may be applied in real dehydrogenation reactors. The degree of poisoning and regeneration under oxidative reaction conditions was quantified using CO as a probe molecule and measured by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for planar model systems and real catalysts, respectively. We find that regeneration strongly depends on the composition of the catalyst surface. While the clean surface of a poisoned Pt(111) single crystal is fully restored upon thermal treatment in oxygen up to 700 K, contaminated Pt/AlO model catalyst and core-shell pellet were only partially restored under the applied reaction conditions. Whereas partial regeneration on facet-like sites on supported catalysts is more facile than on Pt(111), carbonaceous deposits adsorbed at low-coordinated defect sites impede full regeneration of the Pt/AlO catalysts.},
author = {Amende, Maximilian and Kaftan, Andre and Bachmann, Philipp and Brehmer, Richard and Preuster, Patrick and Koch, Marcus and Wasserscheid, Peter and Libuda, Jörg},
doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.045},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Applied Surface Science},
keywords = {Infrared spectroscopy; Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier; Materials gap; Model catalysis; Pressure gap; Real catalysis},
pages = {671-683},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Regeneration} of {LOHC} dehydrogenation catalysts: {In}-situ {IR} spectroscopy on single crystals, model catalysts, and real catalysts from {UHV} to near ambient pressure},
volume = {360},
year = {2016}
}
@article{faucris.123299704,
author = {Rüde, Timo and Bösmann, Andreas and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter and Arlt, Wolfgang and Müller, Karsten},
doi = {10.1002/ente.201700446},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Energy Technology},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Resilience} of {LOHC} {Based} {Energy} {Storage} {Systems}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{faucris.119195384,
author = {Reuß, Markus and Grube, Thomas and Robinius, Martin and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter and Stolten, Detlef},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {FCEV; Hydrogen; Hydrogen infrastructure; LOHC; Renewable energies; Seasonal storage},
pages = {290-302},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Seasonal} storage and alternative carriers: {A} flexible hydrogen supply chain model},
volume = {200},
year = {2017}
}
@article{faucris.294587610,
abstract = {Our contribution demonstrates the technological potential of coupling Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC)-based hydrogen storage and hydrogen-based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) operation. As SOFC operation creates waste heat at a temperature level of more than 600 °C, clever heat transfer from the SOFC operation to the LOHC dehydrogenation process is possible and results in an overall efficiency of 45% (electric output of SOFC vs. lower heating value of LOHC-bound hydrogen). Moreover, we demonstrate that LOHC vapour does not harm the operational stability of a typical 150 W SOFC short stack. By operating the stack with LOHC-saturated hydrogen, operation times of more than 10 years have been simulated without noticeable degradation of SOFC performance.},
author = {Preuster, Patrick and Fang, Qingping and Peters, Roland and Deja, Robert and Van Nhu Nguyen, and Blum, Ludger and Stolten, Detlef and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.054},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Future energy systems; Heat integration; Hydrogen storage; LOHC; Off-grid energy supply; SOFC},
month = {Jan},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-03-29},
pages = {1758-1768},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Solid} oxide fuel cell operating on liquid organic hydrogen carrier-based hydrogen – making full use of heat integration potentials},
volume = {43},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{faucris.113100504,
abstract = {The system for utilizing hydrogen comprises a transfer hydrogenation device that includes a transfer hydrogenation unit for hydrogenating a material to be hydrogenated, and a hydrogen supplying device for supplying hydrogen for the transfer hydrogenation device. The hydrogen supplying device allows hydrogen to be supplied in a bound form for the transfer hydrogenation device and is provided with a loading unit for loading a carrier medium with hydrogen. [on SciFinder(R)]},
author = {Arlt, Wolfgang and Bösmann, Andreas and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter},
faupublication = {yes},
keywords = {system utilizing hydrogen},
peerreviewed = {automatic},
title = {{System} and method for utilizing hydrogen.},
year = {2015}
}
@article{faucris.262176100,
abstract = {The 2-propanol fuel cell has been shown to hold several key advantages over the more established methanol fuel cell, including a comparably high real open-circuit voltage, reduced fuel crossover through a Nafion membrane and a benign toxicological fuel profile. In addition, while the highly selective partial oxidation of 2-propanol to acetone in a fuel cell (rather than the more typical complete combustion of organic fuels to CO2) has been viewed as a disadvantage in the past, recent work has shown that the 2-propanol/acetone couple is compatible with traditional hydrocarbon liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems though transfer hydrogenation. With this approach, a disadvantage of hydrogen LOHC logistics—the steep energy cost of dehydrogenation that must be provided during energy-lean times—can be largely avoided. This LOHC compatibility along with the potential for high fuel-cell performance could place the 2-propanol fuel cell (also referred to as the direct isopropanol fuel cell or DIFC) in a position to enable a hydrogen energy economy while avoiding the drawbacks of molecular hydrogen transport and storage. In this Review, the purpose is to ascertain the state-of-the-art of DIFCs—an understudied yet promising research area with unique advantages and challenges.},
author = {Brodt, Matthew and Mueller, Karsten and Kerres, Jochen and Katsounaros, Ioannis and Mayrhofer, Karl and Preuster, Patrick and Wasserscheid, Peter and Thiele, Simon},
doi = {10.1002/ente.202100164},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Energy Technology},
keywords = {2-propanol fuel cells; direct isopropanol fuel cells; liquid organic hydrogen carriers},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-07-30},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{The} 2-{Propanol} {Fuel} {Cell}: {A} {Review} from the {Perspective} of a {Hydrogen} {Energy} {Economy}},
year = {2021}
}
@article{faucris.222886347,
abstract = {The high temperature required for hydrogen release from Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) systems has been considered in the past as the main drawback of this otherwise highly attractive and fully infrastructure-compatible form of chemical hydrogen storage. According to the state-of-the art, the production of electrical energy from LOHC-bound hydrogen, e.g. from perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), requires provision of the dehydrogenation enthalpy (e.g. 65 kJ mol-1 (H2) for H18-DBT) at a temperature level of 300 °C followed by purification of the released hydrogen for subsequent fuel cell operation. Here, we demonstrate that a combination of a heterogeneously catalysed transfer hydrogenation from H18-DBT to acetone and fuel cell operation with the resulting 2-propanol as a fuel, allows for an electrification of LOHC-bound hydrogen in high efficiency (>50%) and at surprisingly mild conditions (temperatures below 200 °C). Most importantly, our proposed new sequence does not require an external heat input as the transfer hydrogenation from H18-DBT to acetone is almost thermoneutral. In the PEMFC operation with 2-propanol, the endothermal proton release at the anode is compensated by the exothermic formation of water. Ideally the proposed sequence does not form and consume molecular H2 at any point which adds a very appealing safety feature to this way of producing electricity from LOHC-bound hydrogen, e.g. for applications on mobile platforms.},
author = {Sievi, Gabriel and Geburtig, Denise and Skeledzic, Tanja and Bösmann, Andreas and Preuster, Patrick and Brummel, Olaf and Waidhas, Fabian and Montero, María A. and Khanipourmehrin, Peyman and Katsounaros, Ioannis and Libuda, Jörg and Mayrhofer, Karl and Wasserscheid, Peter},
doi = {10.1039/c9ee01324e},
faupublication = {yes},
journal = {Energy and Environmental Science},
note = {CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-07-23},
pages = {2305-2314},
peerreviewed = {Yes},
title = {{Towards} an efficient liquid organic hydrogen carrier fuel cell concept},
volume = {12},
year = {2019}
}