Mikroelektronik, Information, Gesellschaft - Niemann, Heinrich; Seitzer, Dieter; Schüßler, Hans Wilhelm (Springer Verlag, 1983)
UnivIS-Import:2015-07-07:Pub.1983.tech.IMMD.IMMD5.mikroe

Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Transceivers in SiGe BiCMOS Technologies - Kissinger, Dietmar; Kahmen, Gerhard; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2021)
This invited paper reviews the progress of silicon-germanium (SiGe) bipolar-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology-based integrated circuits (ICs) during the last two decades. Focus is set on various transceiver (TRX) realizations in the millimeter-wave range from 60 GHz and at terahertz (THz) frequencies above 300 GHz. This article discusses the development of SiGe technologies and ICs with the latter focusing on the commercially most important applications of radar and beyond 5G wireless communications. A variety of examples ranging from 77-GHz automotive radar to THz sensing as well as the beginnings of 60-GHz wireless communication up to THz chipsets for 100-Gb/s data transmission are recapitulated. This article closes with an outlook on emerging fields of research for future advancement of SiGe TRX performance.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-10-15
Keywords: BiCMOS ICs; BiCMOS integrated circuits; Bipolar transistors; data communication; Doping; Heterojunction bipolar transistors; heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs); Millimeter wave transistors; millimeter-wave circuits; radar; Silicon; Silicon germanium; submillimeter-wave circuits; transceivers (TRXs).

Millimeter Wave FMCW Radar System Simulations including a 3D Ray Tracing Channel Simulator - Dudek, Manuel; Wahl, René; Kissinger, Dietmar; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg (Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2010)
In this paper a millimeter-wave radar system simulation environment for frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar using a 3D ray tracing channel simulator is presented. Therefore we use Agilents' RF design environment ADS® for system simulation and calculate the channel impulse response based on the data received from a 3D ray tracer in a Matlab® co-simulation. To reduce computing time the whole signal flow is processed in a complex baseband representation and scattering center models are used as substitute for complex polygon targets as further improvement. Nevertheless all effects occurring at harmonic bands and at DC due to nonlinearities in the transmitter and receiver circuits are well reflected in the simulation. A typical road scenario is simulated and the results show the capabilities of the simulation technique in terms of speed and accuracy.
elib2cris::1512001600,dudek2010a
Keywords: Computational modeling; CW radar; FM radar; radar computing; ray tracing; road vehicle radar; millimeter wave radar; 3D ray tracing channel simulator; Matlab cosimulation; channel impulse response calculation; complex polygon target; frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar; millimeter-wave radar system simulation; scattering center model; RF impairments

Millimeter-wave integrated reflectometer architectures for biomedical applications - Kissinger, Dietmar; Lämmle, Benjamin; Nasr, Ismail; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks and Sensing Systems, 2013)
elib2cris::1512001600,kissinger2013

Millimeter-Wave Receiver Concepts for 77 GHz Automotive Radar in Silicon-Germanium Technology - Kissinger, Dietmar (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,kissinger2012

Millimeter-Wave Technology for Automotive Radar Sensors in the 77 GHz Frequency Band - Hasch, Jürgen; Topak, E.; Schnabel, Raik; Zwick, Thomas; Weigel, Robert; Waldschmidt, Christian (IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2012)
The market for driver assistance systems based on millimeter-wave radar sensor technology is gaining momentum. In the near future, the full range of newly introduced car models will be equipped with radar based systems which leads to high volume production with low cost potential. This paper provides background and an overview of the state of the art of millimeter-wave technology for automotive radar applications, including two actual silicon based fully integrated radar chips. Several advanced packaging concepts and antenna systems are presented and discussed in detail. Finally measurement results of the fully integrated radar front ends are shown.
elib2cris::1512001600,hasch2012
Keywords: antennas; millimetre wave radar; packaging; road vehicle radar; advanced packaging concepts; antenna systems; Automotive radar; Sensors

MIMO Extensions for SC/FDE Systems - Reinhardt, Steffen; Buzid, Tufik; Huemer, Mario (EUMW - European Conference on Wireless Technology (ECWT 2005), 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,reinhardt2005

MIMO-Radarsystemarchitektur und Parameterschätzung für komplexe Mehrzielszenarien - Lutz, Steffen (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2015)

Miniature Microwave Biosensors: Noninvasive Applications - Guarin Aristizabal, Gustavo Adolfo; Hofmann, Maximilian; Nehring, Johannes; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Kissinger, Dietmar (IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,guarin2015a

Miniaturisierte Dehydratations-Sensorik im Leistungssport - Schmidt, Christian; Dietz, Marco; Trenz, Florian; Nehring, Johannes; Weigel, Robert; Kissinger, Dietmar (Fußball 4.0 - Jahrestagung der dvs-Kommission Fußball, 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,schmidt2015

Miniaturisiertes sechstorbasiertes Frequenzmesssystem für berührungslose ISM-Anwendungen - Scheiner, Benedict (Verlag Dr. Hut, 2021)

Miniaturized Hybrid Frequency Reader for Contactless Measurement Scenarios Using Resonant Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors - Scheiner, Benedict; Probst, Florian; Michler, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander; Lurz, Fabian (Sensors, 2021)

Miniaturized SAW convolver for indoor mobile communication - Fauter, Andreas; Reindl, Leonhard; Weigel, Robert; Russer, Peter; Seifert, Franz (IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1993)
Design and performance of a miniaturized prototype SAW convolver on YZ-LiNbO3 are reported. The small and compact device fits into an SMD package of size 18×8.2×2.4 mm3. Output summing is realized with two bond wires, and external matching circuitry incorporates only simple lumped elements such as SMD components and copper coils. At a center frequency of 350 MHz, an integration time of 3 μs and a bandwidth of 50 MHz, i.e. a time-bandwidth product of 150, have been obtained. The achieved efficiency of -70 dBm±0.5 dB may be improved considerably. The deviation from linear phase was less than ±50. Uniformity and corresponding phase were within ±0.5 dB and ±50, respectively
elib2cris::1512001600,fauter1993

Miniaturized sensor nodes with mutual detection and localization capability - Hierold, Martin; Hsieh, Chia-Yu; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (German Microwave Conference (GeMic), 2015)
Severe restrictions in size and weight of mobile nodes intended for the observation of bats result in strict limitations of their power supply. A sensor node and system design for proximity detection in bats observation considering these constraints with first field test results is presented in this talk. For further miniaturization and specific adjustment to the target application a custom system on chip solution is proposed. Its hardware design is outlined addressing energy efficiency, localization and reconfiguration capability.
elib2cris::1512001600,hierold2015b
Keywords: wireless sensor network; low power

Miniaturized Ultra-Wideband Antenna Design for Human Implants - Frank, Martin; Lurz, Fabian; Kempf, Markus; Röber, Jürgen; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Radio & Wireless Week 2020, 2020)

Minimization of Leaky-SAW Losses in Double Layer Structures - Ruile, Werner; Wallner, Paul; Weigel, Robert (International Symposium on Theoretical Electrical Engineering, 1999)
elib2cris::1512001600,ruile1999

Mischerstrukturen fuer Automotive Radaranwendungen - Hartmann, Marcus; Günther, Oliver; Weigel, Robert (VDE-Kongress 2006 - Innovations for Europe, 2006)
Die Erhöhung von Sicherheit und Komfort im Fahrzeug ist ein Hauptziel deutscher Automobilhersteller. Ein wichtiger Schritt zur Erreichung dieses Ziels ist die Entwicklung von Fahrerassistenz- und aktiven Sicherheitssystemen. Systeme auf Radarbasis im Frequenzbereich um 24GHz kommen bereits in Fahrzeugen der Premiumklasse zum Einsatz. Eine Umstellung auf den Frequenzbereich von 76-81GHz ist ab 2013 geplant. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes KOKON (10 M3161A) fördert das BMBF die Untersuchung neuer Schaltungskonzepte auf Basis von SiGe MMICs zur Anwendung in KFZ-Radarsystemen. Eine wesentliche Komponente dieser Systeme sind Mischerschaltungen.
elib2cris::1512001600,hartmann2013a

MISEA - Modelling of Integrated Circuit Devices for Automotive EMC Simulation - Steinmair, Gernot; Steinecke, Thomas; Weigel, Robert (International Workshop on Electromagnetic Compatibility of integrated Circuits, 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,steinmair2005

Mitigating the Effects of RRAM Process Variation on the Accuracy of Artifical Neural Networks - Fritscher, Markus; Knödtel, Johannes; Mallah, Maen; Pechmann, Stefan; Quesada, Emilio Perez-Bosch; Rizzi, Tommaso; Wenger, Christian; Reichenbach, Marc (21th International Conference, SAMOS 2021, 2021)

Mitigation of Weak Targets’ Masking due to Nonlinearities in Chirp Sequence FMCW Automotive Radar at 77 GHz - Müller, Felix; Benesch, Sebastian; Steinbuch, W.; Walter, Thomas; Weigel, Robert (Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC2015), 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,mueller2015d

Mit mehreren Rollen schneller zum Prüfergebnis - Ehlenz, Tobias; Fischer, Georg; Wittmann, Armin (Draht, 2017)
Keywords: Kabel; Rollenbiegeprüfung

Mixed-Mode S-Parameter Design of Ultra-Wideband Coupled-Line Baluns - Sewiolo, Benjamin; Vinci, Gabor; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert (International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, 2009)
The design and mixed-mode S-parameter characterization of a 2.5-10.5 GHz bandwidth balun are presented in this paper. It consists of a two-stage Wilkinson divider for power splitting followed by two coupled line sections for plusmn 90deg phase shifting. To increase the even-mode and decrease the odd-mode impedances patterned ground shielding is used. The compact balun structure occupies an area of less than 5 mm2 and has been fabricated on a conventional double-layer printed circuit board to validate simulation results by measurements. The manufactured balun has a input- and output return loss better than -10 dB over the entire frequency range. The measured insertion loss is les1 dB. Good agreement between simulation and measurement were achieved.
elib2cris::1512001600,sewiolo2009e
Keywords: compact balun structure; double-layer printed circuit board; even-mode impedance; frequency 2.5 GHz to 10 GHz; insertion loss; mixed-mode S-parameter design; odd-mode impedance; patterned ground shielding; phase shifting; power splitting; return loss; two-stage Wilkinson divider; ultrawideband coupled-line balun; S-parameters; baluns; losses; power dividers; printed circuits; shielding; ultra wideband technology

Mixer Assisted Interferometric Six-Port System for Accurate Distance Measurements - Lindner, Stefan; Lurz, Fabian; Linz, Sarah; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (European Radar Conference, 2017)

MMSE Precoding for MIMO OFDM Systems Based on Multipaths and Spatial Correlation - Lebrun, Y.; Hofbauer, Christian; Ramon, V.; Bourdoux, A.; Huemer, Mario; Horlin, F.; Lauwereins, R. (Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux, 2008)
elib2cris::1512001600,lebrun2008

Mobile-BAT—A Novel Ultra-Low Power Wildlife Tracking System - Erhardt, Stefan; Koch, Martin; Kiefer, Andreas; Veith, Michael; Weigel, Robert; Koelpin, Alexander (Sensors, 2023)
We introduce a novel ultra-low power system for tracking animal movements over long periods with an unprecedented high-temporal-resolution. The localization principle is based on the detection of cellular base stations using a miniaturized software-defined radio, weighing 2.0 g, including the battery, and having a size equivalent to two stacked 1-euro cent coins. Therefore, the system is small and lightweight enough to be deployed on small, wide-ranging, or migrating animals, such as European bats, for movement analysis with an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. The position estimation relies on a post-processing probabilistic RF pattern-matching method based on the acquired base stations and power levels. In several field tests, the system has been successfully verified, and a run-time of close to one year has been demonstrated.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-06-23
Keywords: bats; GSM; low-power electronics; mobile communication; movement ecology; radio propagation; telemetry; wildlife tracking; wireless sensor networks

Mobile Health Monitoring in a Wrist Watch - Zimmermann, Lars (TGGS Multidisciplinary Seminar, 2012)

Mobile phone power amplifier linearity and efficiency enhancement using digital predistortion - Ceylan, Nazim; Müller, Jan-Erik; Pittorino, Tindaro; Weigel, Robert (Microwave Conference, 2003. 33rd European, 2003)
The new generation mobile communication systems using spectrum efficient linear modulation schemes (QPSK, 8PSK, QAM) need linear power amplifiers in the transmission path to have good ACPR and EVM values. Linearization methods can be used to increase the linearity of the power amplifiers (PA). However, it is not reasonable to use complicated, power consuming and high cost systems. This paper presents a digital predistortion implementation for WCDMA signals using an FPGA (field programmable gate array) as DSP and investigates the application of this system in handsets. The method applied requires minimum change in the conventional transmitter path configuration but considerable PAE improvement can be achieved.
elib2cris::1512001600,ceylan2003
Keywords: 8PSK; ACPR; EVM; FPGA DSP; PAE improvement; QAM; QPSK; WCDMA signals; digital predistortion; efficiency enhancement; field programmable gate array; linear power amplifiers; linearity; linearization methods; mobile communication systems; mobile handsets; mobile phone power amplifier linearity; spectrum efficient linear modulation schemes; transmitter path configuration; MMIC power amplifiers; code division multiple access; digital signal processing chips; distortion; field programmable gate arrays; linearisation techniques; mobile handsets; phase shift keying; quadrature amplitude modulation; quadrature phase shift keying

Mobile und stationaere Gesundheitsassistenzsysteme - der Markt der Zukunft? - Walk, Jasmin; Eskofier, Björn; Spallek, Johannes; Reuter, Lukas Michael (Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication Workshop - Entwicklerforum - Fachmesse, 2011)
elib2cris::1512001600,walk2011b

Model-Based Implementation for the Calculation of Power Spectral Density in an FPGA System - Rieß, Steffen; Brendel, Johannes; Fischer, Georg (IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS), 2013)
Cognitive Radio (CR) systems equipped with a spectrum sensing unit are able to access the radio frequency spectrum in a dynamic manner. This paper presents a model-based design approach and implementation for the calculation of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the received signal in a spectrum scanner. Design parameters based on the requirements of the complete CR system as well as the signal processing steps for the PSD calculation are described. The signal processing comprises the implementation of a control unit, selectable window functions, the Fast Fourier Transformation, the calculation of the magnitude, selectable number of averages for the calculation of peak and mean power values as well as the logarithmic representation of the spectrum. The presented processing block is integrated as part of an embedded system in an FPGA. The simulation and measurement results demonstrate and proof the functionality of the developed block with the shown design flow.
elib2cris::1512001600,riess2013c

Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Microwave Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Feedback Systems - Hofmann, Maximilian; Edelmann, Jan-Christoph; Bolz, Armin; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Kissinger, Dietmar (The 7th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC), 2012, 2012)
This paper presents a novel scalable 3D thorax model for electromagnetic (EM) field simulations. Two antennas operating at 1.6 GHz are designed and matched for application in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) feedback system. A microwave based CPR feedback system is investigated by applying the new thorax model. The fabricated antennas are evaluated in self-experiments. Magnitude and phase measurements are compared with simulation results. It is shown, that the thorax compression during CPR can be monitored with the proposed RF based approach with good agreement to the EM simulation.
elib2cris::1512001600,hofmann2012e
Keywords: HF antennas; biomechanics; biomedical measurement; cardiovascular system; compressibility; electromagnetic fields; feedback; antennas

Modeling and Measurement of a Tissue-Equivalent Liquid for Noninvasive Dehydration Sensing in the 2.45 GHz ISM-Band - Trenz, Florian; Kalpen, Victoria; Weigel, Robert; Kissinger, Dietmar (IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications(IMWS-Bio 2015), 2015)
In this paper, a blood-equivalent liquid is presented. The phantom material at room temperature is a valid representation of blood at body temperature in the frequency range from 2 to 3 GHz with an maximum deviation of ±1.5 in eps1 and ±2.8 in eps2 . The effect of a hypertonic variation of the plasma hydration level has been modeled by varying the amount of water ±14 % in the tissue-equivalent fluid. Transmission based measurements have been performed on a tube phantom of PMMA with narrowband patch antennas on flexible substrates. The antennas have been placed at opposite sides of the phantom and measurements have been performed at different hydration levels of the substitute liquid. A clear distinction of the levels can be seen in both magnitude and phase of the transmission coefficient.
elib2cris::1512001600,trenz2015a
Keywords: Biomedical measurement; Biomedical monitoring; Biological system modeling; Microwave sensors; Biosensors; Phantoms

Modeling and Measurement of RF-Emissions at Transceiver Pins in Automotive System ICs caused by Integrated DC/DC-Converters - Schade, Alexander; Klotz, Frank; Jahn, Stefan; Weigel, Robert (Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE, EMC EUROPE 2020, 2020)
The integration of DC/DC converters with transceivers in automotive system ICs leads to new challenges regarding the compliance with EMI limit values at the transceiver pins. We quantify the RF-emissions of a DC/DC converter at different transceiver pins of a test IC by measurement and simulation. The substrate coupling path is modeled using a novel substrate extractor, and a HFSS package model is used to describe the inductive bond wire couplings. Our composite model accurately predicts the emissions, and deviates from the measurement by typically less than ±6dB up to 1GHz.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-12-11
Keywords: Automotive bus; Automotive System IC; EMC of integrated circuits; integrated DC/DC converter; substrate extraction; System Basis Chip (SBC); transceiver

Modeling an Experimental Biological Modulator for Molecular Communications by Electrical Circuits - Schäfer, Maximilian; Wicke, Wayan; Grebenstein, Laura; Strobl, Christian; Stavracakis Peixoto, Renata; Kirchner, Jens; Burkovski, Andreas; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert; Rabenstein, Rudolf; Schober, Robert (4th Workshop on Molecular Communications, 2019)
Experimental systems are necessary to validate and improve theoretical molecular communication models. We propose an analytical model for a biological modulator based on genetically modified Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria which convert an electrically-controlled light signal into a chemical response. Techniques from system identification and electrical networks synthesis are used to model the complex biological system. Compared to a simple reference model, a better fit to the observed dynamics in the experimental data is obtaine

Modeling mechanical dynamics of MEMS self actuation in ADS and its application - Mzyk, Raphael; Fischer, Georg (IEEE International Microwave Symposium, 2010)
elib2cris::1512001600,mzyk2010
Keywords: RF MEMS; self actuation; mechanical dynamics

Modeling Nonlinear Behavior of RF Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators - Chauhan, Vikrant; Tag, Andreas; Mayer, Markus; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2016)
In this work, the Poly-Harmonic Distortion (PHD) model has been used to characterize the nonlinearities of Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) solidly mounted resonators (SMR). The new approach of using X-parameters for characterization and simulation of nonlinearities is described. The amplitude and phase of the fundamental mode and its harmonics up to third order have been measured and simulated by using the X-parameter framework. The simulation and measurement results for phase and amplitude of X-parameters describing the relations between incident and reflected harmonics of the same as well as different orders are shown. The X-parameter measurements of BAW components up to third order harmonics have been carried out with a nonlinear vector network analyzer (NVNA). These measurements under large-signal operating conditions were used to determine the nonlinear material constants responsible for the nonlinearity in BAW resonators.
elib2cris::1512001600,chauhan2016

Modeling of BAW Filters and Duplexers - Marksteiner, Stefan; Link, Andreas; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta; Selimovic, N.; Bader, Bernhard (Fourth International Symposium on Acoustic Wave Devices for Future Mobile Communication Systems, 2010)
elib2cris::1512001600,marksteiner2010

Modeling of BAW Filters for System Level Simulation - Karolewski, Dominik; Tag, Andreas; Silva Cortes, Victor Arturo; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta; Fischer, Georg; Schäffel, Christoph (German Microwave Conference, 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,karolewski2015

Modeling of dynamic switching currents of digital VLSI IC modules and verification by on-chip measurement - Gstöttner, Andreas; Kruppa, Jacek; Huemer, Mario (Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2007. EMC, 2007)
Tough requirements on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electronic equipment forces the demand for low electromagnetic emission (EME) of integrated circuit devices. To enable an efficient application of measures reducing the noise emission, automatic model generation tools are needed to be part of the design flow. In this paper we present a method for high level modeling of dynamic switching currents of complex digital IC modules as well as the verification of the simulation results with a high speed on-chip current and voltage sensor. The current profile calculation for single modules is based on statistical approaches, and parasitic effects of cell interconnects are modeled by utilizing signal processing methods.
elib2cris::1512001600,gstoettner2007
Keywords: Current measurement; Digital integrated circuits; Electromagnetic compatibility; Electromagnetic devices; Electromagnetic forces; Electromagnetic measurements; Electronic equipment; Integrated circuit measurements; Integrated circuit modelling; Very large scale integration

Modeling of microacoustic mode conversion in arbitrary arrays using an electromagnetic phased arreay concept - Weigel, Robert; Herzinger, Stefan; Müller, Günter (Proc. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, 1996)
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel1996

Modellierung des Avalancheeffekts in InAlAs/InGaAs-Heterobipolar-Transistoren - Weiß, Oliver (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2006)

Modellierung nass-chemischer Porosizierverahren auf LTCC für elektromagnetische Hochfrequenz Feldsimulation - Talai, Armin; Steinhäußer, Frank; Bittner, Achim; Schmid, Ulrich; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Mikrosystemtechnik Kongress (MST), 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,talai2015c
Keywords: LTCC

Modellierung und Echtzeitkompensation der Hystereseeffekte bei GMR-Gradientenmessbrücken - Jedlicska, Istvan (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)

Modellierung und Leakage-Kompensation von 77GHz FMCW-Weitbereichsradar-Transceivern in SiGe-Technologie für Kfz-Anwendungen - Günther, Oliver (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2008)

Modellierung und Messung von Emissionen an Transceiverpins in Automotive-System-ICs, verursacht durch integrierte DC/DC-Wandler - Schade, Alexander; Klotz, Frank; Jahn, Stefan; Weigel, Robert (EMV 2020 - Internationale Fachmesse und Kongress fur Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit, 2020)
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-10-16

Modellierung und Simulation von Einschwingvorgängen bei Automobilradaren mit Chirp-Sequence-Modulation - Müller, Felix; Steinbuch, Dirk; Walter, Thomas; Weigel, Robert (Kleinheubacher Tagung, 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,mueller2015b

Modellierung und Simulation von Funkkanälen für Mehrantennensysteme (MIMO) mit einem strahlenoptischen 3D-Wellenausbreitungsmodell - Stäbler, Oliver (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2010)

Modellierung und Simulation von Indoor-Mobilfunkfeldern im UHF-Band - Weigel, Robert; Zhang, Zhongping; Seifert, Franz (ITG-Workshop Antennen fuer Mobile Systeme, 1996)
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel1996b

Modelling and Simulation of the Energy Efficiency of Heterogeneous Integrated Systems at System Level - Glock, Stefan; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert; Ußmüller, Thomas (ITG-Fb. 239: Analog 2013, 2013)
In recent years, the minimization of the power dissipation of integrated heterogeneous systems has become one of the most important design goals. At specification level, at which not all architectural decisions have been taken, exists the highest potential to minimize the power dissipation of the whole system. However, the high complexity of modern het-erogeneous systems complicates the estimation of the power dissipation. Especially the analysis of the power dissipa-tion beyond subsystems is challenging because it necessitates the joint simulation of analogue and digital subsystems. In this context, the question of the right abstraction level for the joint evaluation is demanding because analogue system design follows the bottom-up paradigm, whereas digital system design follows the top-down paradigm. This paper pro-poses a new methodology to model the power dissipation and energy efficiency of complex heterogeneous systems at specification level. The method is based on the hardware description language SystemC. The methodology enables ear-ly power estimation of complete heterogeneous systems. The performance of the modelling approach is shown exem-plarily on an RF-receiver of a mobile radio platform. Those platforms are both battery driven and portable. Therefore, low power consumption is of utmost importance with respect to the later success of the product.
elib2cris::1512001600,glock2013a

Model of Substrate Capacitance of MOSFET RF Switch Inspired by Inverted Microstrip Line - Solomko, Valentyn; Özdamar, Oguzhan; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie (IEEE 51ST EUROPEAN SOLID-STATE DEVICE RESEARCH CONFERENCE (ESSDERC 2021), 2021)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2022-05-20

Model Order Estimation using a Multi-Layer Perceptron for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation in Automotive Radar Sensors - Fuchs, Jonas; Weigel, Robert; Gardill, Markus (2019 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), 2019)
In this work, a machine-learning-based approach to decide whether one or two targets are present in the same range-velocity cell of a chirp-sequence FMCW radar system is evaluated. An experimental setup for generating sufficient large sets of training and testing data using real measurement data from automotive 77 GHz radar sensors is presented. Using this data a multi-layer perceptron is trained to directly estimate the number of present targets from the received signals in order to determine if resolution in the spatial domain is necessary. Evaluations of the trained model show that the network is able to inherently learn the underlying signal model and reach super-resolution performance.<br
Keywords: Automotive Radar; Direction-of-Arrival Estimation; Neural Network; Multi-Layer Perceptron

Models for the analysis and determination of the read range of passive HF and UHF RFID systems - Iliev, Stoyan (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)

Moderne drahtlose Übertragungsverfahren mit Entzerrung im Frequenzbereich - Schlechter, T.; Huemer, Mario (HF-Report, 2007)
elib2cris::1512001600,schlechter2007

Moderne Funkkommunikations- und Funksensorsysteme - Springer, Andreas; Diskus, Christian; Reindl, Leonhard; Wenger, Jochen; Fischer, A.; Buchner, K.; Schacherbauer, Werner; Ettinger, Klaus; Reichdl, S.; Weigel, Robert (Linz Workshop on Key Technologies of Mechatronics, 2001)
elib2cris::1512001600,springer2001b

Modernisieren des Praktikums "Systematischer Entwurf programmierbarer Logikbausteine (PLD)" - Lechner, S.; Kölpin, Alexander (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)
elib2cris::1512001600,lechner2009

Modified Gilbert-Cell Mixer with an LO Waveform Shaper and Switched Gate-Biasing for 1/f Noise Reduction in 28 nm CMOS - Ciocoveanu, Radu; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2019)

Monitoring of Cardiac Diseases by Use of a Wearable Sensor Platform with Capacitive ECG - Kirchner, Jens; Fischer, Georg (39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2017)
The concept of a wearable sensor platform in the form of a patch for fixation at a patient’s chest is described. It is used for monitoring of cardiac diseases, which is illustrated with the detection of atrial fibrillation.
Keywords: Wearable Sensors; Cardiac diseases; Atrial fibrillation

Monolithic integration of microstrip line couplers for automotive radar applications at 77 GHz using a Si-HBT technology - Hartmann, Marcus; Seemann, Kay; Jäger, Herbert; Kolmhofer, Erich; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, 2006. APMC 2006, 2006)
A branch-line, rat-race and a reduced-size branch-line coupler have been realized in a modern SiGe:C bipolar technology for application in automotive radar systems at 77 GHz. The paper describes the design methodology of passive circuits on lossy Si-based substrate up to 110 GHz and gives measurement results of the manufactured circuits.
elib2cris::1512001600,hartmann2006
Keywords: Si-HBT technology; automotive radar; branch-line coupler; microstrip line couplers; monolithic integration; passive circuits; heterojunction bipolar transistors; microstrip couplers; microstrip lines; monolithic integrated circuits; passive networks; road vehicle radar

MOSFET-Based RF Switch With Active Biasing - Solomko, Valentyn; Syroiezhin, Semen; Tayari, Danial; Essel, Jochen; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2023)
A biasing method for a stacked field-effect transistor (FET)-based radio-frequency (RF) switch is proposed. The advantage of the method over conventional passive resistive biasing is the ability to sustain a desirable operating point under the peak RF excitation conditions achieved by compensating the excessive leakage current of FETs in the stack. Operating point stabilization results in improved RF voltage-handling capabilities of the OFF-state switch. A single-pole double-throw (SPDT) hardware demonstrator implemented in a dedicated 130-nm bulk-CMOS RF switch technology shows an increase in breakdown voltage by 10% for a 35-V voltage-handling class switch device. The improvement is achieved at the expense of increased peak current consumption and no penalty in the RF performance of the switch.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-06-23
Keywords: Antenna tuning; aperture tuning; compensation; high-voltage switch; leakage; Leakage currents; Logic gates; MOSFET; MOSFET switch; Radio frequency; Switches; Switching circuits; Voltage; voltage mirror

MOSFET degradation under DC and RF Fowler-Nordheim stress - Cattaneo, Andrea; Pinarello, Sandro; Müller, Jan-Erik; Weigel, Robert (44th European Solid State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC), 2014)
Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) stress is reported to be one of the most severe wear-out mechanisms for high-frequency MOSFET applications like PAs and RF switches. Previous studies of this degradation process were limited to the DC-static case only and standard empirical models were proposed. In this work a novel general physical model is developed, which correctly describes the ageing of electrical parameters under DC stress. This is made possible by taking into account the hole injection into the gate oxide. Finally this study extends the understanding of F-N degradation to RF regime. In this case a quasi-static sum of the degradation rate is adopted to accurately model and predict the performance worsening; the wear-out shows no frequency dependency in the range up to 4Ghz.
elib2cris::1512001600,cattaneo2014

Motion-Induced Imbalance of Contact Impedance in ECG Capture: Comparison of Electrode Materials in Capacitive Coupling - Pfeiffer, Sebastian; Meyer, Sebastian; Amft, Oliver; Anzai, Daisuke; Wang, Jianqing; Fischer, Georg; Kirchner, Jens (2019 IEEE SENSORS, 2019)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2020-07-17

MP3 und weitere Beiträge aus Erlangen zu einer globalen Innovation - Herre, Jürgen; Seitzer, Dieter (2017)
Weitere Vorträge

MP3 und weitere Beiträge aus Erlangen zu einer globalen Innovation - Seitzer, Dieter; Herre, Jürgen (2017)
### Other Presentations
Keywords: Vortrag im Rahmen des Professoriums des Fakultätenclubs der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Fraunhofer IIS

MPEG-4 Audio - Brandenburg, Karlheinz; Grill, Bernhard; Herre, Jürgen; Väänänen, R (MPEG-4 Industry Forum: Workshop and Exhibition on MPEG-4, 2001)
Eingeladene Konferenz-Workshop-Vorträge, Tutorials

MPEG-4 Low Delay General Audio - Sporer, Thomas; Grill, Bernhard; Herre, Jürgen (SPIE's ITCom 2001 International Symposium on the Convergence of IT and Communications, Voice Over IP (VoIP) Technology Section, 2001)
Vorträge und Veröffentlichungen auf Konferenzen_Gehörangepasste Datenreduktion

MSK direct sequence spread spectrum system incorporating SAW tapped delay line and SAW shaping filter - Zenzinger, Alesander; Mathiae, S.; Russer, Peter; Reindl, Leonhard; Weigel, Robert (Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1997)
The present work deals with the IF section of an indoor wireless TDMA/CDMA (TCDMA) communication system operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. Spreading and despreading is done at the 361 MHz IF with an extremely wide bandwidth of 65 MHz which is greater than the coherence bandwidth of the UHF indoor radio channel. For the modulation of the data we employ on off keying (OOK), and for the spreading minimum shift keying (MSK). Two types of MSK modulators have been developed, one with a SAW tapped delay line (TDL) and one with a SAW shaping filter. Despreading is done by another SAW TDL, which operates as a matched filter
elib2cris::1512001600,zenzinger1997b

MSK SAW tapped delay lines on LiTaO3 with moderate processing gain for CDMA indoor and mobile radio applications - Weigel, Robert; Knorr, C.; Wagner, Karl Christian; Reindl, Leonhard; Seifert, Franz (IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 1995)
We report on the design and performance of two SAM MSK Tapped Delay Lines (TDLs) using PN code sequences of length 128 chips, As a substrate, LiTaO3 has been used due to the system requirements of a given CDMA/TDMA system. Center frequency, bandwidth of the major lobe, and integration time were 266.66 MHz, 65.7 MHz, and 3 μs, respectively. TDL 1 employed two non-weighted transducers, whereas TDL 2 incorporated one cosine-apodized transducer. Split-fingers with a metalization height of 150 nm (aluminum) were used. The experimental data of both design approaches were very similar with an unmatched insertion loss of 37 dB which is improved by more than 18 dB by proper matching. Amplitude ripple was less than 1 and 2 db, respectively, and the close-in selectivity was 23 dB
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel1995c
Keywords: SAW; CDMA; TDMA

MTT-S Awards and the IMS2022 Awards Banquet - Weigel, Robert (IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2022)
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2022-04-29

Multiband Planar Vivaldi Antenna for Mobile Communication and Industrial Applications - Vinci, Gabor; Weigel, Robert (International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, 2010)
The proposed antenna topology is an interesting radiating element, characterized by broadband or multiband capabilities. The exponential and soft/tapered design of the edge transitions and feeding makes it a challenging item to design and tune, leading though to impressive results. The antenna is build on Rogers RO3010 material. The bands in which the antenna works are GPS and Galileo (1.57 GHz), UMTS (1.8-2.17 GHz) and ISM 2.4 GHz (Bluetooth WiFi). The purpose of such an antenna is to be embedded in an Assisted GPS (A-GPS) reference station. Such a device serves as a fix GPS reference distributing the positioning information to mobile device users and delivering at the same time services via GSM network standards or via Wi-Fi / Bluetooth connections.
elib2cris::1512001600,vinci2010

Multifunctional Low-power Reference Cells for Passive FMCW-Locatable UHF RFID CMOS Transponders - Heidrich, Jürgen (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2011)

Multifunctional Reference Cells for Multistandard RFID Transponders - Heidrich, Jürgen; Brenk, Daniel; Essel, Jochen; Heinrich, Matthias; Hofer, Günter; Holweg, Gerald; Schwarzer, Stefan; Meyer, J.; Herschmann, R.; Geck, Bernd; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg (IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2011)
This paper at first illustrates implementation aspects and measurement results of a subcomponent for a multistandard RF identification (RFID) transponder. It is intended to be a common reference cell, both for basic UHF requirements and advanced application fields like local positioning and wireless sensing. Different single circuit topologies shown in previous studies or literature and their applicability for that RFID system are evaluated. After that, measurement results of two final circuit configurations, including a newly designed RC oscillator with metal-metal capacitors, are discussed and compared. Layout aspects for reducing the process variations and low power consumption are demonstrated. Simulation results show border conditions for the power supply of the transponder on chip level. Moreover, distance measurements with our first complete transponder compliant to the electronic product code protocol are shown. It includes the newly presented reference cells and other necessary transponder components. All chips are designed based on a 0.13-μm CMOS technology.
elib2cris::1512001600,heidrich2011

Multilayer Topology Optimization of Wideband SIW-to-Waveguide Transitions - Hassan, Emadeldeen; Scheiner, Benedict; Michler, Fabian; Berggren, Martin; Wadbro, Eddie; Röhrl, Franz Xaver; Zorn, Stefan; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2020)

Multilevel Phase-Preserving Amplitude Regeneration Using a Single Nonlinear Amplifying Loop Mirror - Hierold, Martin; Roethlingshoefer, Tobias; Sponsel, Klaus; Onishchukov, Georgy; Schmauß, Bernhard; Leuchs, Gerd (IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2011)
lhft_intern.bib::Hierold2011

Multi-Modal Cross Learning for Improved People Counting using Short-Range FMCW Radar - Aydogdu, Cem Yusuf; Hazra, Souvik; Santra, Avik; Weigel, Robert (2020 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RADAR CONFERENCE (RADAR), 2020)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2021-02-12

Multimode TRL technique for de-embedding of differential devices - Wojnowski, Maciej; Issakov, Vadim; Sommer, Grit; Weigel, Robert (75th ARFTG Microwave Measurements Conference (ARFTG), 2010)
The thru-reflect-line (TRL) is one of the most fundamental and accurate vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration techniques. The multimode TRL calibration method generalizes the standard TRL technique to multimode waveguides. In this paper, the practical use of the multimode TRL calibration technique for de-embedding purposes is discussed. The focus is on the four-port case, since this covers the majority of the practical applications. However, the formulation can be easily extended for networks with higher number of ports. The common de-embedding assumptions such as reciprocity and symmetry are analyzed and their consequences on the multimode TRL algorithm are discussed. It is shown that the reciprocity assumption applied to the embedding networks reduces the requirements on the reflect standard. It is demonstrated that additional assumptions of either identical or symmetrical error networks make it possible to completely resolve the problem related to the reflect standard. Based on the derived formulation, it is shown that the multimode TRL calibration reduces to the traditional TRL de-embedding under reciprocity and symmetry assumptions. The problems of interpretation and re-normalization of the obtained scattering parameters (S-parameters) are also discussed. Finally, the measurement results are presented that verify the multimode TRL approach for de-embedding of four-port differential devices.
elib2cris::1512001600,wojnowski2010
Keywords: Calibration; de-embedding; differentail devices; microwave measurements; scattering parameters

Multi-Octave Planar Microwave Slot-Coupled Directional Coupler up to 28 GHz with Novel Phase Velocity Compensation - Bauch, Andreas; Hofmann, Maximilian; Weigel, Robert; Kissinger, Dietmar (European Microwave Conference 2014, 2014)
A nonuniform symmetrical QTEM-mode directional slot-line coupler operating in a multi-octave frequency range from 2.5 GHz up to 28.6 GHz is presented. The calculated continuously varying even- and odd-mode line impedances are realized by a 3D electromagnetic (EM) ﬁeld simulation of the slot-coupled microstrip cross section. A new method of even- and odd-mode phase velocity compensation, based on a continuously structured prepreg, is suggested. A -8.34 dB coupling factor is achieved, showing a low amplitude and phase imbalance up to 28 GHz. Furthermore, a tandem conﬁguration is evaluated by utilizing two -8.34 dB directional coupler to form a wideband -3.01 dB coupler.
elib2cris::1512001600,oborovski2014
Keywords: Directional Coupler; Passive Microwave Circuits; Wideband

Multiphysical Design Approach for RF BAW Modules on a SiCer Substrate - Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta; Chauhan, Vikrant; Silva Cortes, Victor Arturo; Stehr, Uwe; Fischer, Michael; Müller, Jens; Weigel, Robert (Conference on Electronic Materials and Applications, 2019)

Multiphysical Design Methodology for the Heterogeneous Integration of an RF Receiver - Silva Cortes, Victor Arturo; Stehr, Uwe; Stegner, Johannes; Nowak, Jacek; Hein, Matthias; Sommer, Ralf; Fischer, Georg; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (German Microwave Conference, 2018)

Multiphysics Modeling of BAW Filter - Tag, Andreas; Chauhan, Vikrant; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta; Bader, Bernhard; Huck, Christian; Pitschi, Maximilian; Karolewski, Dominik (IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,tag2016a

Multiphysikalische Betrachtung von Kabeln und Leitungen unter mechanisch-dynamischer Belastung - Ehlenz, Tobias (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2020)
As part of a cooperative doctorate between the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen Nuremberg and the University of Applied Sciences Trier, cables and transmission lines that users primarily perceive as electrical components have been researched similar to the established failure and dimensioning scheme of a machine element. The current work deals with the investigation of mechanically stressed cables and lines. Their use should get more reliable and the point of time for exchange of permanently moved lines be optimized. Cables in moving applications have highly complex electrical and mechanical requirements that are currently under-researched or insufficiently standardized. As it is common with other machine elements, operating time cannot be calculated. Especially with regard to Industry 4.0, unscheduled machine downtimes could become critical. With accelerated aging tests, manufacturers and users try to test their products in an increasingly shorter time-to-market. They use the alternating bending test, described in DIN EN 50396 to verify the cables’ conformance. The research shows that the requirements of the standard are insufficiently described. After improvements of the test operations, which focused on the reproducibility, the alternating bending test defines the starting point of the multiphysical lifetime tests. Based on the findings of the parameter studies, a proposed standard for improving the test standard DIN EN 50396 was submitted to the responsible parent body. With the multiphysical recording of the course of damage during endurance tests, relevant wear patterns for moving lines can be identified. They form a novel phase model of the service life of mechanically dynamic loaded cables. The investigations show that structural changes and surface roughness of the copper material occur under prolonged mechanical stress before fracturing of the probands. Changes in the edge regions of the electrical material can be measured, making use of the skin effect. In conductors that are carrying high-frequency currents, the current density concentrates at the peripheric region of the conductor. An incipient roughness of the conductor leads to a change in the attenuation of a signal to be transmitted. In the run-up to empirical experiments, corresponding electrodynamical simulations on modelled conductors confirm the assumption. They show the increased current density at the peripheric area of a correspondingly aged, rough conductor. In subsequent empirical tests, an exchange time of test lines can be detected with insitu high-frequency attenuation measurement. The high-frequency measurement is a nondestructive, in-situ diagnostic option for mechanical cable wear. The measurement method is suitable for the commercial use of a later cable monitoring system, in which lines can be evaluated during their operation with regard to estimated remaining lifetime. The research results contribute to a predictable product life of the mechanically loaded electrical lines and thus to increased reliability in many industries. <br
Keywords: Cable; Multiphysics; Aging

Multiphysikalische Modellierung und Optimierung von HF-BAW-Komponenten - Tag, Andreas (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2016)

Multiport Technology: New Perspectives and Applications - Tatu, Serioja Ovidiu; Serban, Adriana; Kölpin, Alexander; Helaoui, Mohamed (Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2014)
elib2cris::1512001600,tatu2014
Keywords: Six-Port

Multiport Technology: The New Rise of an Old Concept - Tatu, Serioja Ovidiu; Serban, Adriana; Helaoui, Mohamed; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2014)
elib2cris::1512001600,tatu2014a

Multi-stage Pulse Shrinking Time-to-Digital Converter for Time Interval Measurements - Liu, Yue; Vollenbruch, Ulrich; Chen, Yangjian; Wicpalek, Christian; Maurer, Linus; Boos, Zdravko; Weigel, Robert (European Microwave Integrated Circuit Conference (EuMIC), 2007, 2007)
This paper presents a new structure of pulse shrinking time-to-digital converter (TDC) with 20 ps resolution which is implemented in Infineon 0.13 mum CMOS technology. The new interpolating multi-stage TDC with feedback loop and high speed counter accelerates the digitization of the input time interval and is appropriate as phase detector for phase locked loop application. The interpolated multi-stage structure efficiently saves the chip area and power consumption. Its Full-Scale-Range (FSR) is about 5000 ps and its differential linearity errors are less than 0.52 LSB.
elib2cris::1512001600,yue2007
Keywords: CMOS digital integrated circuits; convertors; counting circuits; feedback; phase locked loops; time measurement; Infineon CMOS technology; feedback loop

Narrow-Band YBCO Superconducting Parallel-Coupled Coplanar Waveguide Band-Pass Filters at 10 GHz - Weigel, Robert; Nalezinski, Martin; Valenzuela, Alejandro; Russer, Peter (IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1993, 1993)
High-T/sub c/-superconducting coplanar-waveguide (CPW) three-pole, four-pole, and five-pole bandpass filters fabricated from in situ sputter-deposited YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ thin-films on LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates with dimensions 10 mm*25 mm are presented. The design is based on the evaluation of CPW test chips integrating different resonators and transmission line structures. The measured data were fed into a CAD (computer-aided design) program using general transmission line elements instead of CPW elements. Both YBCO and gold versions were constructed and mounted in gold-plated brass test fixtures. At liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), the filters were characterized by center frequencies at 10 GHz and bandwidths smaller than 1.3%. Total insertion loss and out-of-band rejection values of the complete packaged devices were better than 2.2 dB and 30 dB, respectively.<>
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel1993i
Keywords: band-pass filters; barium compounds; high-temperature superconductors; five-pole; band-pass filters; Design automation; Testing; Substrates

Navigation Algorithms for Indoor Positioning Developed for the HIGAPS Project - Kaniuth, Roland; Eissfeller, Bernd; Lemke, Norbert; Heinrichs, Günther; Ehm, Henning; Weigel, Robert; Schmid, Andreas; Nagel, Peter (European Navigation Conference GNSS, 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,kaniuth2005

Necessary Components and Subsystems for Efficient Frequency and Standards Agile Cognitive Radio Systems - Fischer, Georg (FP7 Consultation Meeting: Future Mobile and Wireless Radio Systems, 2008)
elib2cris::1512001600,fischer2008b

Network-Parameter-Based Modeling in Microwave Design - Neumayer, Roland; Weigel, Robert (15th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications (MIKON), 2004, 2004)
As system integration evolves and clock frequencies rise, it becomes increasingly important to consider the electrical behavior of previously neglected non-ideal effects of the microwave structures and components. This paper addresses the generation of broadband SPICE-based circuit models from frequency-domain network-parameters. A combination of subspace identification algorithm and vector fitting is applied to generate passive multi-port models of microwave devices characterized by measured or simulated network parameters. Results of the proposed method applied to microwave devices are given.
elib2cris::1512001600,neumayer2004
Keywords: SPICE; frequency-domain analysis; microwave devices; broadband SPICE-based circuit models; microwave design; microwave devices; Frequency; Power system modeling

Neue Boolesche Orthogonalisierende Operative Methoden und Gleichungen - Can, Yavuz (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2016)
Orthogonalität ist eine besondere Eigenschaft Boolescher Funktionen. Die Orthogonalisierung einer Booleschen Funktion vereinfacht die Transformation in eine andere äquivalente Form. Mit dieser Arbeit werden zwei neue allgemeingültige, logische operative Verknüpfungsmethoden die 'orthogonalisierende Differenzbildung ⊝' und das 'orthogonalisierende Verodern v ' vorgestellt. Die orthogonalisierende Differenzbildung wird zur Ermittlung einer Differenz in orthogonaler Form zweier Produktterme oder zweier Funktionen eingesetzt. Das orthogonalisierendes Verodern wird zum Verodern zweier Produktterme oder zweier orthogonaler Funktionen angewendet, welches auch Ergebnisse in orthogonaler Form darbietet. Darüber hinaus weisen die algorithmischen Implementierung beider Verknüpfungsmethoden geringere Rechenzeiten mit zunehmender Dimension im Vergleich zu den herkömmlichen bekannten Operationen auf. Auch werden die Vorteile im Hinblick auf den Speicherplatzbedarf hierbei besser genutzt, weil kein zusätzlicher Algorithmus zur Orthogonalisierung benötigt wird. Zudem werden Anwendungen der orthogonalisierenden Differenzbildung in weiteren Verfahren gezeigt, wie z.B. die Bildung der orthogonalen Negierten einer Funktion der disjunktiven Normalform. Durch die inhärente Orthogonalisierung werden weitere Verarbeitungsschritte in der TVL-Arithmetik, wie das Boolesche Differentialkalkül, erheblich vereinfacht. Ternär-Vektor-Listen werden als rechnerinterne Darstellung für binäre Funktionen verwendet und sind für die Behandlung Boolescher Probleme vorteilhafter. Daneben werden in dieser Arbeit zwei neue mathematische Boolesche Gleichungen zur Orthogonalisierung Boolescher Funktionen bzw. Ternär-Vektor-Listen disjunktiver Normalformen hergeleitet, welche jeweils auf den neuen Verknüpfungen ⊝ und v basieren. Damit wird zum ersten Mal mathematisch die Problematik der Orthogonalisierung behandelt und einfache Gleichungen zur Berechnung der orthogonalen Form vorgestellt. Zudem werden die beiden neuen Methoden in der Bestimmung von Testbelegungen für kombinatorische Schaltnetzwerke zur Verifizierung möglicher logischer Fehler in der TVL-Arithmetik eingesetzt. Ihre implementierten Algorithmen weisen zudem Vorteile bezüglich Rechenzeit und Speicherplatzbedarf auf und ermöglichen damit die Berechnung von minimierterer Menge an Testbelegungen. Im Vergleich zu den Methoden aus der Literatur reduzieren die neuen Algorithmen ORTH[⊝] und ORTH[ v ] die Rechenzeit um einen Faktor von ca. 2,5. Zusätzlich haben die beiden neuen Algorithmen ORTH[⊝] und ORTH[ v ] die Eigenschaft bessere Lösungen zu liefern, das bedeutet, orthogonale TVLen geringerer Anzahl an Termen, d.h. eine Reduzierung um etwa 50%. Damit wird eine Weiterbehandlung der ermittelten orthogonalen TVL mit geringerer Anzahl an Operationen gewährleistet, welche zum einen weitere Rechenzeiten optimiert und zum anderen die Anzahl an Terme in den nachfolgenden Verfahrensschritten niedriger ausfallen lässt. Mit dieser Verminderung wird die Reduzierung an Termen bis zur Ermittlung der Testbelegungen fortgesetzt, so dass minimierte Testsätze zur Verifizierung von kombinatorischen Schaltungen am Ende der Berechnungslinie erhalten werden können. Mit der geringeren Rechenzeit der Algorithmen und der minimal ermittelten Menge an Testsätzen wird eine Einsparung in Testzeit und die damit verbundenen Testkosten erreicht werden können.

Neue Boolesche Orthogonalisierende Operative Methoden und Gleichungen - Can, Yavuz (FAU University Press, 2016)
Orthogonalität ist eine besondere Eigenschaft Boolescher Funktionen. Die Orthogonalisierung einer Booleschen Funktion vereinfacht die Transformation in eine andere äquivalente Form. Mit dieser Arbeit werden zwei neue allgemeingültige, logische operative Verknüpfungsmethoden die 'orthogonalisierende Differenzbildung ⊝' und das 'orthogonalisierende Verodern v ' vorgestellt. Die orthogonalisierende Differenzbildung wird zur Ermittlung einer Differenz in orthogonaler Form zweier Produktterme oder zweier Funktionen eingesetzt. Das orthogonalisierendes Verodern wird zum Verodern zweier Produktterme oder zweier orthogonaler Funktionen angewendet, welches auch Ergebnisse in orthogonaler Form darbietet. Darüber hinaus weisen die algorithmischen Implementierung beider Verknüpfungsmethoden geringere Rechenzeiten mit zunehmender Dimension im Vergleich zu den herkömmlichen bekannten Operationen auf. Auch werden die Vorteile im Hinblick auf den Speicherplatzbedarf hierbei besser genutzt, weil kein zusätzlicher Algorithmus zur Orthogonalisierung benötigt wird. Zudem werden Anwendungen der orthogonalisierenden Differenzbildung in weiteren Verfahren gezeigt, wie z.B. die Bildung der orthogonalen Negierten einer Funktion der disjunktiven Normalform. Durch die inhärente Orthogonalisierung werden weitere Verarbeitungsschritte in der TVL-Arithmetik, wie das Boolesche Differentialkalkül, erheblich vereinfacht. Ternär-Vektor-Listen werden als rechnerinterne Darstellung für binäre Funktionen verwendet und sind für die Behandlung Boolescher Probleme vorteilhafter. Daneben werden in dieser Arbeit zwei neue mathematische Boolesche Gleichungen zur Orthogonalisierung Boolescher Funktionen bzw. Ternär-Vektor-Listen disjunktiver Normalformen hergeleitet, welche jeweils auf den neuen Verknüpfungen ⊝ und v basieren. Damit wird zum ersten Mal mathematisch die Problematik der Orthogonalisierung behandelt und einfache Gleichungen zur Berechnung der orthogonalen Form vorgestellt. Zudem werden die beiden neuen Methoden in der Bestimmung von Testbelegungen für kombinatorische Schaltnetzwerke zur Verifizierung möglicher logischer Fehler in der TVL-Arithmetik eingesetzt. Ihre implementierten Algorithmen weisen zudem Vorteile bezüglich Rechenzeit und Speicherplatzbedarf auf und ermöglichen damit die Berechnung von minimierterer Menge an Testbelegungen. Im Vergleich zu den Methoden aus der Literatur reduzieren die neuen Algorithmen ORTH[⊝] und ORTH[ v ] die Rechenzeit um einen Faktor von ca. 2,5. Zusätzlich haben die beiden neuen Algorithmen ORTH[⊝] und ORTH[ v ] die Eigenschaft bessere Lösungen zu liefern, das bedeutet, orthogonale TVLen geringerer Anzahl an Termen, d.h. eine Reduzierung um etwa 50%. Damit wird eine Weiterbehandlung der ermittelten orthogonalen TVL mit geringerer Anzahl an Operationen gewährleistet, welche zum einen weitere Rechenzeiten optimiert und zum anderen die Anzahl an Terme in den nachfolgenden Verfahrensschritten niedriger ausfallen lässt. Mit dieser Verminderung wird die Reduzierung an Termen bis zur Ermittlung der Testbelegungen fortgesetzt, so dass minimierte Testsätze zur Verifizierung von kombinatorischen Schaltungen am Ende der Berechnungslinie erhalten werden können. Mit der geringeren Rechenzeit der Algorithmen und der minimal ermittelten Menge an Testsätzen wird eine Einsparung in Testzeit und die damit verbundenen Testkosten erreicht werden können.
Keywords: Algorithmus; Boolesche Funktion; Disjunktive Normalform; Mengenlehre; Orthogonalisierung; Orthogonalität; Rechenzeit

Neue Wege in der Palliativmedizin – Herausforderungen bei der Entwicklung einer berührungslosen, nicht-belastenden Messung von Vitalparametern - Malessa, Anke; Steigleder, Tobias; Shi, Kilin; Will, Christoph; Michler, Fabian; Kölpin, Alexander; Ostgathe, Christoph (Wissenschaftliche Arbeitstage der DGP, 2018)

Neue WLAN-Systeme: Überblick und Systemsimulation, Low-Complexity Receiver Design - Winter, Sebastian; Huemer, Mario (Gerotron Workshop on Radio Techniques and Technologies for Commercial Communication and Sensing Applications (RadioTecC 2005), 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,winter2005
Keywords: WLAN

Neural Network based efficiency optimization method for RF Power Amplifiers with controllable Power Supply - Jüschke, Patrick; Pascht, Andreas; Fischer, Georg (AFRICON, 2013)
elib2cris::1512001600,jueschke2013

Neural Network Based Linearization of RF Power Amplifiers Using In-Situ Device Temperature Measurement - Jüschke, Patrick; Fischer, Georg (IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB), 2015)

Neural network based path detection for an FMCW positioning system - Mosshammer, Ralf; Frank, Florian; Huemer, Mario (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2007)
Multipath propagation is a major source of error for runtime detection based positioning systems. For the case of an FMCW-based positioning system, the overlap of pulse shapes in the frequency domain restricts exact measurement of frequency, and thus of runtime. Choosing a measurement point on the slope of the pulse is a way to mitigate measurement errors. In this paper, we present a neural network as a means of estimating the ideal measurement point. The network is shown to outperform fixed level measurements even with very sparse training data.
elib2cris::1512001600,mosshammer2007

New applications of wirelessly interrogable passive SAW sensors - Pohl, Alfred; Springer, Andreas; Reindl, Leonhard; Seifert, Franz; Weigel, Robert (1998 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1998)
By applying passive wirelessly interrogable SAW sensors, many physical parameters can be measured. Up to now all SAW sensor applications are performed by taking a snapshot of the sensor's response periodically, evaluating the measurand assumed to be quasistationary. Therefore the upper limit for the rate of sampling of a mechanical effect by the sensor is the interrogation rate. Usually it is in the range of 100 kHz or less and measurands with a periodicity of up to a few tenths of kHz can be sampled satisfactory. Even audible vibrations of machine parts can be monitored. Here, the behaviour of the sensors for dynamic measurands is discussed. Advanced applications for the measurement of vibration, acceleration, for dynamic pressure measurement in mechanical engineering, for example for monitoring the tyres of cars are presented. Measurement results from an experimental setup are given.
elib2cris::1512001600,pohl1998a

New Boolean Equation for Orthogonalizing of Disjunctive Normal Form based on the Method of Orthogonalizing Difference-Building - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg; Kassim, Hassen (Journal of Electronic Testing-Theory and Applications, 2016)
In this paper a new Boolean equation for the orthogonalization of Boolean functions respectively of Ternary-Vector-Lists of disjunctive normal form is presented. It provides the mathematical solution of orthogonalization for the ﬁrst time. The new equation is based on the new method of orthogonalizing difference-building ⊖. In contrast to other methods the new method has a faster computation time. Another advantage is the smaller number of product terms respectively of Ternary-Vectors in the orthogonalized result in contrast to other methods. Furthermore, the new equation can be used as a part in the calculation procedure of getting suitable test patterns for combinatorial circuits for verifying feasible logical faults.<br
Keywords: Boolean Function · Ternary-Vector-List · Orthogonalization · Computation Time · Combinatorial Circuit · Test Pattern

New Boolean Equation for Orthogonalizing of Disjunctive Normal Form based on the Method of Orthogonalizing Difference-Building - Can, Yavuz; Kassim, Hassen; Fischer, Georg (Journal of Electronic Testing-Theory and Applications, 2016)
In this paper a new Boolean equation for the orthogonalization of Boolean functions respectively of Ternary-Vector-Lists of disjunctive normal form is presented. It provides the mathematical solution of orthogonalization for the first time. The new equation is based on the new method of orthogonalizing difference-building ⊖. In contrast to other methods the new method has a faster computation time. Another advantage is the smaller number of product terms respectively of Ternary-Vectors in the orthogonalized result in contrast to other methods. Furthermore, the new equation can be used as a part in the calculation procedure of getting suitable test patterns for combinatorial circuits for verifying feasible logical faults.
Keywords: Orthogonalizing Boolean Forms

New Concept of a High-Speed Low-Power Digital Interface for Multi-Standard Mobile Transceiver RFICs in 0.13 µm CMOS - Chabrak, Karim; Bachmann, Frank; Hueber, Gernot; Maurer, Linus; Weigel, Robert (IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications (MAPE 2005), 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,chabrak2005

New Orthogonalizing Boolean Equation using in the Calculation of Test Patterns for Combinatorial Circuits - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg (9th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO 2015), IEEE Turkey Section, 2015)
In this paper a new Boolean equation for the orthogonalization of Boolean functions respectively of Ternary-Vector-Lists of disjunctive normal form is presented. It provides the mathematical solution of orthogonalization. The new equation is based on the new method of orthogonalizing OR-ing ∨ which enables the building the union of two product terms respectively of two Ternary-Vectors whereby the result is orthogonal. The algorithm based on the new equation has a faster computation time in contrast to other methods. Further advantage is the smaller number of the product terms respectively of the Ternary-Vectors in the orthogonalized result which reduces the number of further calculation steps. Furthermore, the new equation can be used as a part in the calculation procedure of getting suitable test patterns for combinatorial circuits for verifying feasible Logical faults.<br

New Orthogonalizing Boolean Equation using in the Calculation of Test Patterns for Combinatorial Circuits - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg (ELECO 2015, 2015)
In this paper a new Boolean equation for the orthogonalization of Boolean functions respectively of Ternary-Vector-Lists of disjunctive normal form is presented. It provides the mathematical solution of orthogonalization. The new equation is based on the new method of orthogonalizing OR-ing gwhich enables the building the union of two product terms respectively of two Ternary-Vectors whereby the result is orthogonal. The algorithm based on the new equation has a faster computation time in contrast to other methods. Further advantage is the smaller number of the product terms respectively of the Ternary-Vectors in the orthogonalized result which reduces the number of further calculation steps. Furthermore, the new equation can be used as a part in the calculation procedure of getting suitable test patterns for combinatorial circuits for verifying  feasible logical faults.
Keywords: Boolean Normal Forms

New Simulation Procedure for Accurate Package Modeling Considering Chip-Package Interaction - Seler, Ernst; Wojnowski, Maciej; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE Conference Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems, 2013)
elib2cris::1512001600,seler2013

New Test Method for the Pulse Immunity of Microcontrollers - Su, Tao; Unger, Markus; Steinecke, Thomas; Weigel, Robert (IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility 2007, 2007)
The paper presents a new test method for pulse susceptibility of microcontrollers which reflects the electromagnetic environment of microcontrollers in practical applications. The method includes a set of electromagnetic interference pulses and their injection networks. The waveforms of the pulses are deduced from measurements on real application boards of microcontrollers.
elib2cris::1512001600,su2007

Nicht-stationäre Langevin-Gleichungen als Modell kardiologischer Zeitreihen - Kirchner, Jens (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2008)
Kardiologische Signale, insbesondere RR-Intervall-Zeitreihen, entstehen aus einem Antagonismus zwischen extern induzierten, zufälligen Störungen und internen Regelungen des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems. Dieser wird hier durch den Langevin-Ansatz eingefangen, die Beschreibung einer Messgröße durch eine Bewegungsgleichung mit einer deterministischen und einer stochastischen Kraft. Dazu werden zwei Modelle abgeleitet, die als grundlegende Neuerung eine Zeitabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtslage, hervorgerufen von langfristigen Belastungsänderungen, wie auch erstmals im Bereich der Kardiologie Korrelationen auf kleinen Zeitskalen erfassen. Zur Rekonstruktion der Funktionen, die diese Charakteristika quantifizieren, – der Wirkungsfunktion und des Trends – werden neue Methoden vorgestellt und anhand eigens zu diesem Zweck aufgezeichneter Elektrokardiogramme auf ihre praktische Umsetzbarkeit getestet. Hierbei wird auch gezeigt, dass sich sowohl im regulativ-korrelierten als auch im aktivitätsbestimmt-dekorrelierten Skalenbereich Informationen über den Gesundheitszustand des Herzens gewinnen lassen: Der hierzu eingeführte Skalenfaktor der Wirkungsfunktion sowie das Aktivitätsmaß weisen hoch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Patienten mit kongestiver Herzinsuffizienz und gesunden Probanden auf. Des Weiteren werden die Auswirkungen einer Veränderung der Gleichgewichtslage auf statistische und darauf aufbauende Signalanalysen untersucht, wodurch die Erklärung mehrerer in der Literatur vorgestellter Phänomene ermöglicht wird. Um im Gegenzug derartige, durch Instationaritäten hervorgerufene Effekte zu vermeiden, wird als Instrument zur Datenvorverarbeitung ein Algorithmus zur Trennung von Phasen unterschiedlicher Belastungen vorgestellt. Durch die genannten Ergebnisse gibt die Arbeit Aufschluss darüber, bei welchen Fragestellungen und mit welchen Zeitkonstanten die verwendeten Modelle und alle daraus abgeleiteten Konzepte angewandt werden dürfen; in konstruktiver Funktion werden Anwendungen in der Datenanalyse und der medizinischen Diagnostik vorgestell
Keywords: Kardiologie; Kardiovaskuläres System; Langevin-Gleichung; Nichtstationäre Zeitreihenanalyse; Stochastischer Prozess

Noise-adaptive bilateral filtering of projections for Computed Tomography - Gabiger-Rose, Anna; Rose, Richard; Kube, Matthias; Schmitt, Peter; Weigel, Robert (11th International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 2011)
In this work, the image quality enhancement of CT images via filtering of noise in the projections is shown. For denoising, a noise-adaptively adjustable bilateral filter is exerted. The application area of the presented work is nondestructive testing in the industry. Bilateral filtering incorporates the combination of domain and range filtering. The domain filter averages the nearby pixel values and acts thereby as a low-pass filter. The range filter stands for the nonlinear component and plays an important part in edge preserving. These filter components both can be adjusted by corresponding parameters. In this paper, the way is presented how the parameter for the adjustment of the nonlinear component can be derived from the standard deviation of noise. This approach allows to increase the PSNR_dB while retaining the structural similarity MSSIM at a high level. Using the proposed method for the calculation of the range filter parameter an automatic noise-adaptive tuning of the noise filter is possible. Moreover filter tuning is effective for any noise level. Besides the increase of the PSNR_dB and of the MSSIM it is demonstrated, that owing to the bilateral filtering of projections the detectability of the low contrast details in CT images can be improved. As long as the details can be distinguished from noise, it is possible to enhance the contrast resolution of these details due to the bilateral filtering of projections using our proposed filter adjustment.
elib2cris::1512001600,gabiger-rose2011a

Noise Analysis for Six-Port Radars with Schottky Diode Detectors - Michler, Fabian; Scheiner, Benedict; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (2022 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2022)
Six-port-based continuous-wave radar systems have been used for vibration analysis in predictive maintenance and vital sign sensing applications. A core component of these systems are microwave power detectors used for for the down-conversion. This paper investigates a passive Schottky diode detector regarding its noise behavior. Therefore diode noise measurements are presented to estimate the unknown flicker noise parameters. Based on the derived detector noise behavior, the theoretical limit of the precision of the 24GHz continuous-wave radar system is derived and compared to measurements. A measurement precision of 1µm could be achieved at a baseband bandwidth of 100Hz and a target distance of 1m.<br

Noise Floor Dependent Data Fusion for Reliable REM Generation with a Spectrum Sensing Grid - Brendel, Johannes; Rieß, Steffen; Schröter, Simon; Fischer, Georg (IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, 2014)
For several years the cognitive radio (CR) technology is under research as promising solution supporting the efficient utilization of the scarce radio frequency spectrum. The cognitive cycle enables the adaptation of operating parameters according to observations made from the environment. A radio environment map (REM) which contains data from spectrum sensing devices was identified to be an adequate tool to realize CR systems. In this contribution the challenges in generating a REM from sensor nodes with limited dynamic range is pointed out. Afterwards, the noise floor dependent data fusion (NDDF) algorithm is proposed. It is able to generate a reliable REM in a fusion center of a sensing grid. The algorithm merges spectrum measurements from collocated sensor nodes to reduce the amount of data whilst preserving all advantages gained from macro diversity by taking into account the noise floor of each sensor. The algorithm has been verified with measurements in the laboratory and a measurement study at the fairground of Berlin shows the applicability of the NDDF algorithm.
elib2cris::1512001600,brendel2014

Noise Predictive DFE for Single Carrier Block Transmission with a Cyclic Prefix - Koppler, Alois; Weigel, Robert (OFDM Workshop, 2002)
elib2cris::1512001600,koppler2002

Noise Predictive DFE for Single Carrier W-LAN Systems with Frequency Domain Equalization - Koppler, Alois; Springer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert (Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2002)
In this contribution we extend our previously presented single carrier transmission scheme with frequency domain equalization (SC/FDE) to hybrid equalization in the frequency domain and in the time domain. The proposed structure, which deploys low complexity frequency domain equalization in the feedforward part and time domain noise predictive decision feedback equalization (NP-DFE), allows us to add decision feedback to conventional single carrier block by block transmission with a cyclic prefix. Our results indicate that conventional hard decision feedback rather decreases than increases the performance of an SC/FDE system in combination with channel coding.
elib2cris::1512001600,koppler2002a

Noise Reduction for SC/FDE Systems by Pre- and Post Processing - Witschnig, Harald; Petit, M.; Springer, Andreas; Huemer, Mario (European Conference on Wireless Technology, 2007)
Noise represents a major performance limiting factor for wireless communication systems. Pre-and post processing of the transmitted information enables to reduce the influence of noise significantly, leading to a severe performance gain. We apply the derivation of an optimal pre-and post processing to a single carrier system with frequency domain equalization (SC/FDE). Comparisons between the standard SC/FDE system with a zero-forcing equalizer and the enhanced system show a performance gain of up to 8 dB at a bit error rate of 10-5.
elib2cris::1512001600,witschnig2007a

Nondestructive evaluation of SAW devices using a high-resolution optical detection technique - Holm, Andreas; Ruile, Werner; Weigel, Robert (AEÜ - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 1997)
elib2cris::1512001600,holm1997

Nondestructive testing of SAW devices by laser probing - Holm, Andreas; Russer, Peter; Ruile, Werner; Weigel, Robert (Procceedings of the 9th Microwave and Optronics Conference (MIOP 1997), 1997)
elib2cris::1512001600,holm1997b

Noninvasive binary gas mixture measurements with a millimeter-wave low-cost FMCW radar system - Och, Andreas; Schrattenecker, Jochen; Schuster, Stefan; Holzl, Patrick A.; Freidl, Philipp F.; Weigel, Robert (EuRAD 2019 - 2019 16th European Radar Conference, 2019)
Sensors to measure the parameters of gases are used in a wide range of industrial processes. However, traditional gas sensor types often cannot be applied under harsh environmental conditions. Suitable existing noninvasive alternatives such as time-of-flight permittivity measurements in the millimeter-wave range suffer from high cost and are difficult to miniaturize. Therefore, we propose a low-cost solution based on a fully-integrated transceiver to determine gas concentration in binary gas mixtures. First, the fundamental principle is demonstrated with commercial measurement equipment. A sensor prototype utilizing a low-cost frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar is built and its performance verified in multiple experiments achieving promising results.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-04-20
Keywords: Gas detectors; Millimeter wave radar; Permittivity; Phase estimation; Radar measurements

Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring Using Open Electromagnetic Waveguides - Hofmann, Maximilian; Bloss, M.; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Kissinger, Dietmar (EuMA European Microwave Conference, 2012)
This paper presents a novel approach towards noninvasive glucose measurement. The introduced concept is based on an electromagnetic (EM) wave transmission along blood vessels. Theoretical investigation of a TEM wave propagation through a aqueous glucose solution is shown. The concept was evaluated by a simplified demonstrator which consists of a dielectric covered TEM-Waveguide. A 3D field simulation of the structure has been performed with a glucose dependent Debye relaxation model. The EM waveguide was fabricated and measured with various glucose concentrations. A phase difference of 12 deg for a 500mg/dl variation in glucose concentration was measured at 20GHz.
elib2cris::1512001600,hofmann2012b

Non-Invasive Low Power ECG for Heart Beat Detection of Bats - Duda, Niklas; Barthule, Alexander; Ripperger, Simon; Mayer, Frieder; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (2019 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), 2019)
In this paper a small size low power electrocardiogram (ECG) system which is optimized for the heart rate detection of bats is proposed. Due to the smaller size and different physical properties of animals like bats the system has to fulfill different requirements than standard human ECGs. The usecase of animal monitoring also requires an ultra-low power approach to enable long battery runtime. The described system has been evaluated with measurements on bats and compared to a commercially available ECG integrated circuit (IC). Apart from the ECG circuit itself the electrodes and the electrode position as well as the used algorithms are evaluate

Non-Invasive Respiratory Movement Detection and Monitoring of Hidden Humans using Ultra Wideband Pulse Radar - Oßberger, Gerald; Buchegger, Thomas; Schimbäck, Erwin; Stelzer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert (International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems Joint with Conference on Ultrawideband Systems and Technologies ( Joint UWBST & IWUWBS), 2004, 2004)
In this paper a novel method for vital parameter detection using an ultra wideband (UWB) pulse radar is presented. By using sub-nanosecond pulses the displacement of a human chest due to respiratory movement can be detected very accurately. Because of the very broadband behavior of the transmit signal the presented system is also capable of penetrating materials like walls. For signal processing we use the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with a special background subtraction method. This allows a detection of respiration up to a distance of 5 meters and also behind walls. The radar test set-up with the used components and the applied signal processing on real measurement data are presented.
elib2cris::1512001600,ossberger2004
Keywords: medical signal processing; patient monitoring; radar detection; radar signal processing; wavelet transforms; CWT; UWB pulse radar; continuous wavelet transform

Nonlinear BAW Filter Effects on the Performance of an LTE Receiver - Silva Cortes, Victor Arturo; Chauhan, Vikrant; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2016)
In this work, the impact of the intrinsic nonlinear effects of BAW filters in the demodulation performance of an LTE receiver is evaluated. The nonlinear effects that shape the generation of higher harmonics in the BAW resonator are covered in a nonlinear model implemented in Keysight ADS and validated through nonlinear measurements done on a BAW resonator for its 2nd harmonic. The nonlinear filter characteristics and its power dependence are captured in a Poly Harmonic Distortion (PHD) model and used for the simulation of the LTE receiver.
elib2cris::1512001600,silva2016a
Keywords: RF frontend; BAW; Nonlinear modeling

Nonlinear behavior of RF Bulk Acoustic Wave cascaded components at high input power - Chauhan, Vikrant; Mayer, Markus; Huck, Christian; Pitschi, Maximilian; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2016)
At high frequency, Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) devices are mainly used for filtering in front-ends of modern mobile transceivers. Furthermore, the transmitter filters are usually used at high input power levels of up to 33 dBm, which lead to nonlinearity and self-heating within the filter. In this work a thermo-electro-mechanical Mason model combined with a 3-dimensional electromagnetic finite element method (3D EM FEM) is used for modeling the nonlinear behavior of different BAW components. The impedance curve, filter response, second harmonics as well as inter-modulation distortion (IMD) of cascaded BAW resonators and filters due to the nonlinearities are explained. With the aid of the developed method, different cascading approaches for optimizing the nonlinear behavior are shown. Measurements of BAW components up to second order harmonics have been carried out using a nonlinear vector network analyzer (NVNA).
Keywords: Resonators; Harmonic analysis; Power harmonic filters; Power measurement; Frequency measurement; Area measurement; Bulk acoustic wave devices

Nonlinearities in Single-Mode Fibers and Calculations of Raman Crosstalk in a Wavelength-Division Multiplexing System - Weigel, Robert; Heiss, Franz; Bandemer, Adalbert (Proc. International Conference on Nonlinear Optics, 1988)
null::1512001600,weigel1988a

Non-linearity in Surface Acoustic Wave devices for wireless communication at 2 GHz frequency From wafer measurements to PCB simulation - Chauhan, Vikrant; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (European Microwave Week (EuMW), Worshop on High-Q RF MEMS devices and multiphysical cross-layer circuit design, 2017)
The growing complexity in RF front-ends which includes carrier aggregation and growing number of frequency bands leads to the non-linearity in acoustic devices such as Surface Acoustic Wave components (SAW). In this work, 30 different versions of 1-port and 2-port single SAW resonators are created for wafer level and printed circuit board (PCB) measurements. During the fabrication process, several different wafer designs are created like "wafer before trimming", "wafer before trimming but with passivation", "wafer after trimming but without passivation", "wafer with trimming and passivation" to the study the non-linearity. Wafer measurements and simulations are performed for different metalization ratios. Similarly, the PCB measurements up to third order inter-modulation products (IMD) and harmonics are carried out using X-parameter and conventional measurement set-up at high input power. The measurements results are compared with the nonlinear P-matrix simulation model to study the dominant sources of second and third order non-linearity in SAW components. The final goal is to find which versions of 1-port and 2-port single SAW resonators has reduced non-linearity

Non-recursive CPM signal generation and reception with application to SC/FDE combined with MIMO - Buzid, Tufik; Reinhardt, Steffen; Huemer, Mario; Martoyo, I. (IEEE 63rd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006. VTC 2006-Spring., 2006)
In this paper we present a simple non-recursive frequency modulator which avoids the inherited memory and complexity of linearized continuous phase modulation (CPM). This novel approach decreases the system complexity and it improves the bit error performance compared to differentially decoded CPM signals. Furthermore we combine this method advantageously with a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) approach and we apply it to the single carrier transmission with frequency domain equalization (SC/FDE) technology. The overall system features constant envelope transmit signals, which are immune to the nonlinearity of the power amplifiers, a high spectral efficiency and a low complex equalization process at the receiver. After a description of the concepts we show simulation results for the non-block transmission single input single output (SISO) as well as for the MIMO case
elib2cris::1512001600,buzid2006a
Keywords: MIMO; frequency domain equalization; linearized continuous phase modulation; nonrecursive CPM signal generation; nonrecursive frequency modulator; power amplifiers; single carrier transmission; single input single output; MIMO systems; equalisers; frequency modulation; matrix algebra; phase modulation

Non-stationary Langevin Equation in Cardiology - Kirchner, Jens; Meyer, Wolfgang; Hensel, Bernhard (IFMBE Proceedings 25/4, 2009)
As a model for RR-interval time series, a nonstationary linear Langevin equation is used. Approximating the time-dependent point of equilibrium by a piecewise constant function, an algorithm is presented to reconstruct the amplitudes of this trend. From these quantities a measure of activity is defined, which is shown to be an indicator of a deterioration of cardiac performance such as involved by congestive heart failur
Keywords: Congestive Heart Failure; Langevin Equation; NYHA Class; Cardiac Performance; Circadian Variation

Nonstationary Langevin equation: Statistical properties and application to explain effects observed in cardiological time series - Kirchner, Jens; Meyer, Wolfgang; Elsholz, Markus; Hensel, Bernhard (Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 2007)
Using the Langevin equation we develop the model of a stochastic process subject to a given time-dependent regulatory mechanism. The effects of this nonstationarity on the statistical properties of the time series, i.e., on global and conditional probability densities and on the moments of the distribution, are derived. Application of these results on simple model trends allows one to approximate cardiological data and thus to explain effects recently observed in the reconstruction of the deterministic part of the Langevin equation for time series of heart rat

Nothing Beats SNR: Single-Digit Micrometer Ranging Using a Low-Power CW Radar Featuring a Low-Weight 3D-Printed Horn Antenna - Scheiner, Benedict; Michler, Fabian; Lurz, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2020)

Novel Approach for Virtual Coupling of Trains Using Different Modulation and Coding Schemes - Lichtblau, Johann; Scheiner, Benedict; Michler, Fabian; Gräbner, Martin; Sanftl, Benedikt; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (2018 International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation (ICIRT), 2018)
This paper examines different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) as well as two antenna concepts for wireless communication at 2.4 GHz for future rail traffic applications. In particular, the virtual coupling of two rail vehicles confronts the rail industry with massive challenges regarding communications technology. Data rates above 50 Mbit/s at extremely low error rates need to be realized. Our examinations cover coding schemes such as 16 QAM up to 1024 QAM, enabling a maximum data transfer rate of 240 Mbit/s. The results indicate in which way antenna arrangements and beam alignments affect the signal quality and what MCS fulfills the train environment requirements best. Finally, the identified setup is selected and a recommendation for further research activities and tests on a rail vehicle in operation is made.<br
Keywords: wireless train communication; orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing; virtual coupling

Novel Beam Diagnostics for Compact Medical and Industrial Linear Electron Accelerators - Vlad, Ionut Daniel (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2014)

Novel Control Methods for Phase Lock Loops - Röber, Jürgen; Zwick, Christian; Bänisch, Andreas; Dirauf, Simon; Roppenecker, Günter; Weigel, Robert; Dirauf, Simon (European conference on circuit theory and design (ECCTD), 2015)
This paper discusses different approaches to improve the settling behavior of phase lock loops (PLL). Starting with a state-of-the-art PLL, a structure with an additional dynamic changing Loop-Filter and another structure with feed forward control are proposed. The main point of this paper is the adaption of modern control theory in the design of PLL systems to improve the behavior in case of a changing dividing factor and thereby the output frequency. For both structures, advantages and disadvantages are discussed and then the block diagram of the two approaches are presented. Both methods are compared to the state-of-the-art by simulations in MatLab Simulink. Therefore a massive changing output frequency of the PLL and the corresponding time for locking to the new output frequency is analyzed. All in all both novel PLL concepts offer a reduced settling time with respect to a specified change of the PLL output frequency.
elib2cris::1512001600,roeber2015a
Keywords: PLL; Phase Lock Loop; Synthesizer; Control Theory; Behavioral Modeling

Novel Design For Test (DFT) Concept to Check the Spectral Mask Compliance Defined in the IEEE Std. 802.15.6-2012 of Wireless-Body-Area-Network (WBAN) IC-Devices - Oleszczuk, Alexander Stephan; Thouabtia, Mohamed; Allinger, Martin; Roeber, Juergen; Weigel, Robert (2022 IEEE EUROPEAN TEST SYMPOSIUM (ETS 2022), 2022)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2022-09-23

Novel Human Computer Interaction Principles for Cardiac Feedback using Google Glass and Android Wear - Richer, Robert; Maiwald, Tim; Pasluosta, Cristian Federico; Hensel, Bernhard; Eskofier, Björn (2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN), 2015)
<div class="pure-g" style="letter-spacing: -0.31em; text-rendering: optimizeSpeed; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, FreeSans, Arimo, "Droid Sans", sans-serif; flex-flow: row wrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 15px; outline: 0px !important;"> <div class="ng-scope pure-u-1-1" ng-class="vm.details.graphicalAbstract ? 'pure-u-14-24 u-pr-1' : 'pure-u-1-1'" ng-if="::vm.details.impactStatement || vm.details.abstract || vm.details.scope || vm.details.purpose || vm.details.previewImage" style="letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; vertical-align: top; display: inline-block; text-rendering: auto; zoom: 1; width: 980px; outline: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: sans-serif;"> This work presents a system for unobtrusive cardiac feedback in daily life. It addresses the whole pipeline from data acquisition over data processing to data visualization including wearable integration. ECG signals are recorded with a novel ECG sensor supporting Bluetooth Low Energy, which is able to transmit raw ECG data as well as estimated heart rate. ECG signals are processed in real-time on a mobile device to automatically classify the user's heart beats. A novel application for Android-based mobile devices was developed for data visualization. It offers several modes for cardiac feedback, from measuring the current heart rate to continuously monitoring the user's heart status. It also allows to store acquired data in an internal database as well as in the Google Fit platform. Further, the application provides extensions for wearables like Google Glass and smartwatches running on Android Wear. Hardware performance evaluation was performed by comparing the course of heart rate between the novel ECG sensor and a commercial ECG sensor. The mean absolute error between the two sensors was 4.83 bpm with a standard deviation of 4.46 bpm, and a Pearson correlation of 0.922. A qualitative evaluation was performed for the Android application with special emphasis on the daily usability and the wearable integration. When the Google Glass was integrated, the subjects rated the application as 2.8/5 (0 = Bad, 5 = Excellent), whereas when the application was integrated with a smartwatch the rating increased to 4.2/5.

Novel Hybrid Recursive Active Filters in RF Transmitter Front-Ends - Gottardo, Giuseppe; Donati, Giovanni; Musolff, Christian; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg (German Microwave Conference, 2014)
Duplex filters in modern base stations are designed as cavity filters, which are expensive and have big dimensions. In order to reduce the size of these filters a novel hybrid system using a power amplifier and a negative digital feedback for frequency band GSM900 is studied. A model to describe the hybrid system is investigated and the relation between phase and resonance peaks in the transfer function is described. An attenuation of 5.4 dB for the closed loop transfer function is reached. The stability condition of the system is here presented using Nyquist criterion as an important step for its future feasibility.
elib2cris::1512001600,gottardo2014
Keywords: Active filter; feedback amplifier; base station; stability analysis; interference suppression; band-pass filters; cavity resonators

Novel Image Processing Architecture for 3D Integrated Circuits - Pfundt, Benjamin; Reichenbach, Marc; Fey, Dietmar; Söll, Christopher (Parallel -Algorithmen, -Rechnerstrukturen und -Systemsoftware (PARS), 2015)
Utilizing highly parallel processors for high speed embedded image processing is a well known approach. However, the question of how to provide a sufficiently fast data rate from image sensor to processing unit is still not solved. As Trough-Silicon-Vias (TSV), a new technology for chip stacking, become available, parallel image transmission from the image sensor to processing unit is enabled. Nevertheless, the usage of a new technology requires architectural changes in the processing units.With this technology at hand, we present a novel image preprocessing architecture suitable for image processing in 3D chips stacks. The architecture was developed in parallel with a customized image sensor to make a real assembly possible. It is fully functionally verified and layouted for a 150 nm process. Our performance estimation shows a processing speed of 770 up to 30.000 fps (frames per second) for 5x5 filters.
elib2cris::1512001600,pfundt2015
Keywords: 3D IC; TSV; parallel processing; 2D filters; full buffering

Novel measurement setup for dielectric elastomer sensors enabling the detection of multiple load scenarios with integrated adjustment for scalable sensor sizes - Martin, Sina; Schieber, Maximilian; Reitelshöfer, Sebastian; Pham, Duc Huy Hoang; Franke, Jörg (Proc. SPIE 11587, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIII,, 2021)
In healthcare products the proper fit of e.g. orthosis is crucial for its therapeutic success. To monitor movement and pressure, sensors with the ability to adapt their shape to the curvilinear form of the human body as well as a highly dynamic performance during motion are needed. Dielectric elastomer sensors (DES) present most of the required specifications and can be an excellent solution for body-near motion detection. For signal capturing either changes in resistance, capacitance or impedance can be measured. Therefore, different circuit configurations can be used that follow different methods e.g. frequency based or an impedance approach. In this paper, an impedance measurement bridge that enables the detection of stretch and pressure loads with a frequency of 200 Hz is modified. The novel architecture is conceptualized to work with a battery based energy supply and have small enough dimensions to function as a wearable with a wireless communication interface. Furthermore, our former presented additive manufacturing method for dielectric elastomers via aerosol jet printing allows an integrated tuning of the measurement bridge in the process. In addition, to the electrodes of the capacitor one electrode with a defined layer resistance is stacked on top of the DES. Hence, the additional electrode, which makes the architecture scalable for different sensor sizes and shapes, serves as an integrated adjustment of the measurement bridge. The data acquisition of multiple sensors is feasible by time division multiplexing, but is limited in its frequency due to the switching rate of the multiplexer.<br
Keywords: dielectric elastomer sensors; sensing circuit; capacitive; pressure and strain sensors; multiple load; flexible electronics; stretchable sensors; additive manufacturing

Novel Microwave Vibration Monitoring System for Industrial Power Generating Turbines - Wagner, M.; Schulze, A.; Vossiek, Martin; Stephelbauer, Carl; Weigel, Robert; Vortmeyer, N.; Heide, Patric (1998 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1998)
A novel microwave sensor system for real-time monitoring of turbine blade vibrations is reported. The self-calibration of the sensor modules, a key feature of the implemented concept, is based on adaptive frequency tuning of the microwave source. By using this calibration, degradation of the measurement performance caused by temperature drift and dirt deposit is compensated. During pilot runs with a 65 MW gas turbine the microwave system proved to give excellent measurement results.
elib2cris::1512001600,wagner1998

Novel Receiver for Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Molecular Communication Setting - Bartunik, Max; Lübke, Maximilian; Unterweger, Harald; Alexiou, Christoph; Meyer, Sebastian; Ahmed, Doaa; Fischer, Georg; Wicke, Wayan; Jamali Kooshkghazi, Vahid; Schober, Robert; Kirchner, Jens (Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Nanoscale Computing and Communication, NANOCOM 2019, 2019)
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have recently been introduced as information carriers in a testbed for molecular communication (MC) in duct flow. Here, a new receiver for this testbed is presented, based on the concept of a Wheatstone bridge. The capability for a reliable transmission using the testbed and detection of the proposed receiver was evaluated by sending a text message and a 80 bit random sequence at a bit rate of 1/s, which resulted in a bit error rate of 0 %. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the device was assessed by a dilution series, which gave a limit of detectability of peaks between 0:1 to 0:5 mg/mL. Compared to the commercial susceptometer that was previously used as receiver, the new detector provides an increased sampling rate of 100 samples/s and flexibility in the dimensions of the propagation channel. Furthermore, it allows to implement both single-ended and differential signaling in SPION-bases MC testbeds <br
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-10-29
Keywords: Molecular communication; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; SPION; differtial signaling; receiver

NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR DISJOINTED SUM OF PRODUCTS - Can, Yavuz (TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics, 2020)
A classical problem of Boolean theory is to derive a disjointed Sum of Products. This work introduces a novel approach for converting Sum of Products into disjointed Sum of Products which is based on a novel, generally valid, combining technique of 'orthogonalizing difference-building circle minus'. Postulates and rules for this linking technique are defined which have to be considered getting correct results. The benefit of the novel approach is that the result contains fewer number of product terms which has significant advantages for further calculations as the Boolean Differential Calculus.
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2020-04-17

Nuclide Identification using CsI(Tl) Gamma Ray Spectra and Neural Networks - Maiwald, Timo; Leder, Erich; Pijahn, Ralf; Buchhold, Reinhard; Fischer, Georg (21st IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), 2023)
With increasing popularity of machine learning methods used in gamma ray spectroscopy for radioisotope identification, quality and scope of the data, to train and evaluate models, constitute the key towards applicable approaches. This paper demonstrates several steps needed to be considered in order to create a novel dataset, which is motivated by physical, technical and standardization requirements. Therefore offset shifts, gain drifts, variating acquisition times and nuclide mixtures are considered. Furthermore, initial classification results gained from a neural network approach are presented.<br
Keywords: nuclide identification; gamma ray spectra; machine learning; neural networks

Numerical EMC-simulation for automotive applications - Neumayer, Roland; Stelzer, Andreas; Haslinger, Friedrich; Held, J.; Unger, Markus; Weigel, Robert (15th International Zurich Sympoium & Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC 2003), 2003)
elib2cris::1512001600,neumayer2003

Numerical Investigations on the Quasi-Stationary Response of Antennas to Wideband LFMCW Excitation - Gardill, Markus; Kay, D.; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 2014)
In this contribution, we numerically investigate if the quasi-stationary response is a valid approximation for the response of antennas excited by wideband linear-frequency modulated continuous waveforms. We give results for two idealized example systems, showing how the validity of the quasi-stationary response is dependent on the system's resonant behavior, and that the error between exact output and quasi-stationary response is approximately linearly dependent on the sweeprate of the linear-frequency modulated excitation. We then conduct our simulations for a realistic wideband radar system operating from 5 GHz to 8 GHz, and using impulse responses extracted from electromagnetic simulations of a dipole and a biconical antenna.
elib2cris::1512001600,gardill2014a

Oberflächenrauheit bei mechanisch belasteten Kupferleitern - Baron, Philipp; Lenz, Philipp; Wittmann, Armin; Fischer, Georg (Kupfersymposium 2021, 2021)
Im Labor für angewandte Produktionstechnik an der Hochschule Trier wird der Leiterwerkstoff Kupfer multiphysikalisch untersucht. Im Fokus steht dabei die sich ausbildende Oberflächenrauheit bei mechanisch belasteten Kupferleitern. Angelehnt an Normprüfungen sind Probanden des Typs H07V-U mit allen relevanten mechanischen Belastungsarten, wie Zug/Druck, Biegung und Torsion, belastet worden. Mithilfe der Konfokal-Mikroskopie kann nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Belastungsarten bei Kupferleitern zu erhöhter Oberflächenrauheit aufgrund von Versetzungen führen. Diese erstmals nachgewiesene Zusammenhang ist der Schlüssel zur Verschleißerkennung für industrielle Anwendungen. Die Forschergruppe nutzt diese Materialeigenschaft für die Entwicklung eines Kabel-Monitoring-System und eines neuartigen Sensorelements. Das Kabel-Monitoring-System nutzt dabei hochfrequente Wechselströme, welche sich durch den Skin-Effekt in der Randzone des Leiters konzentrieren, um eine charakteristische Dämpfung in-situ messbar zu machen. Durch die wachsende Rauheit der Oberfläche korrelieren die Messwerte mit dem voranschreitenden Verschleißzustand des Leiters. In der industriellen Anwendung ermöglicht dies eine Umstellung von „Planned Maintenance“ auf nachhaltigere „Predictive Maintenance“ und reduziert Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeiten. Mithilfe dieser an der Hochschule Trier entwickelten Messtechnik lässt sich Kupfer zudem erstmals als Sensorelement verwenden. Eingebettet in Naturfaserwerkstoffe sollen Kupferleiter zukünftig die strukturelle Integrität von tragenden Bauteilen in Fahrzeugstrukturen überwachen. Die mechanische Kopplung von Kupferleiter und Naturfaserwerkstoff sorgt dafür, dass Belastungen vom Bauteil direkt an das Sensorelement weitergegeben werden. Der Sensorverschleiß bzw. die sich ausbildende Oberflächenrauheit steht somit im direkten Zusammenhang mit der akkumulierten Belastungshistorie des Naturfaserbauteils. Durch eine Konditionierung des Leitermaterials können die Belastungshorizonte von Sensor und Faserwerkstoff angeglichen werden, wodurch die Sensitivität im für das Bauteil relevanten Kraftbereich maximiert wird. Zur Variation dieser mechanischen Eigenschaften im Kupfermaterial werden unterschiedliche Methoden untersucht. Unter anderem werden die Oberflächenbehandlung durch elektrochemische Korrosion, eine Vorschädigung durch Biegung und das Rekristallisationsglühen auf ihre Eignung zur Konditionierung untersucht. Die Validierung der Methoden erfolgt mithilfe von Zugversuchen, dessen Ergebnisse in einem Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm aufgetragen sin
Keywords: Kupfer; Oberflächenrauheit; Naturfaserwerkstoff; Kabel-Monitoring-System; Leitungssensor

Octal-site Testing of a State-of-the-art LTE RF-Transceiver IC - Fuchs, Stephan; Weigel, Robert (Tagungsband TuZ 2017, 2017)
More and more complex RF-transceiver ICs demand a broad test coverage to ensure highest outgoing quality. At the same time test costs need to be reduced due to low margins in the transceiver chip business. To make more efficient usage of expensive ATE (Automated Test Environment), higher parallelism is mandatory. Quad-site testing for RF-transceiver ICs is well established in the Semiconductor-Industry. Most ATE-vendors have optimized their machines for quad-site application. Due to higher usage of built-in self-test (BIST) functionality, higher parallelism seems feasible and reasonable in economic considerations. Nevertheless for higher multi-site testing the software as well as the hardware design constraints need to be considered carefully. This paper describes the extension for Octal-site testing and the respective signal integrity constraints.
Keywords: Octal-site testing; LTE-transceiver; site-interference; signal integrity; multi-site efficiency

OFDM Based Wireless LANs in the 5 GHz Band - Huemer, Mario; Witschnig, Harald; Weigel, Robert (International Workshop on Commercial Radio Sensors and Communication Techniques, 2001)
elib2cris::1512001600,huemer2001a

OFDM Based Wireless LANs: Physical Layer System Overview / Digital Compensation of RF Related Signal Distortions - Huemer, Mario (Gerotron Workshop & Entwicklerforum 'Hochfrequenz- und Mikrowellen- Elektronik, Komponenten und Module, 2004)
elib2cris::1512001600,huemer2004

On Gradient Methods for Interference Cancellation - Denk, R.; Scharinger, S.; Huemer, Mario (Konstanzer Schriften in Mathematik und Informatik, 2004)
In this note we discuss the pre-fltering unit as a part of the receiver in GSM mobile stations. Different cost functions lead to different filter coeffcients. We discuss some approaches and compare their performance under the presence of a co-channel interferer. In particular, we consider a version of a constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and gradient search connected with CMA.
elib2cris::1512001600,denk2004

On Prefilter Computation for Reduced-State Equalization - Gerstacker, Wolfgang; Obernosterer, Frank; Meyer, Raimund; Huber, Johannes (IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2002)
In advanced time-division multiple-access (TDMA) mobile communications systems, reduced-state equalization algorithms have to be employed because high-level modulation is used in order to improve spectral efficiency. Reduced-state equalizers yield only high performance, if the overall discrete-time system to be equalized is minimum-phase. Therefore, in general, a discrete-time prefllter has to be inserted in front of equalization. For prefllter computation, several approaches are investigated in this paper. For the finite impulse response (FIR) prefilter case, which seems to be more relevant for practical applications than the infinite impulse response case, we discuss a method based on minimum mean-squared error decision-feedback equalization and a novel approach based on linear prediction (LP). The LP method seems to be very robust and requires an only moderate amount of computational complexity. Here, the prefilter consists of the cascade of a channel-matched filter and a prediction-error filter, which may be viewed as a finite-length approximation to the noise whitening part of the ideal prefilter transfer function. A key observation of the paper is that the proposed cascaded structure enables a very efficient prefilter computation because a prediction-error filter can be calculated via the Levinson-Durbin algorithm. Simulation results are given, which demonstrate that the performance of reduced-state equalization with proper FIR prefiltering is close to that of equalization combined with ideal all-pass prefiltering. Furthermore, it is shown that high performance can be obtained for TDMA mobile communications systems, if the LP scheme is employed for prefiltering. © 2002 IEEE.
UnivIS-Import:2015-03-09:Pub.2002.tech.IE.mobilk.onpref
Keywords: EDGE; Minimum-phase systems; Preflltering; Reduced-state equalization; Time-division multiple-access mobile communications

On the Architectural Design of Frequency-Agile Multi-Standard Wireless Receivers - Maurer, Linus; Burger, Thomas; Dellsperger, Thomas; Stuhlberger, Rainer; Hueber, Gernot; Schmidt, Matthias; Weigel, Robert (IST Mobile & Wireless Communications Summit, 2005)
A flexible, reconfigurable receiver architecture that extends the direct conversion architecture is presented. The receiver structure is based on high dynamic range/lowpower ΣΔ analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and digital signal processing functions implemented locally on the radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC). This relaxes requirements for the analog part of the receiver and enables configurable receive-bandwidths, because channel filtering is realized in the digital domain. Since analog building blocks have limited reconfiguration capabilities by nature of their implementation, the extension of the conventionalanalog signal processing blocks by a digital front-end (DFE) greatly enhances the flexibility of the RFIC. Key building blocks for the proposed receiver, such as tunable RF filters, ADC and DFE building blocks are discussed.
elib2cris::1512001600,maurer2005a

On the Design and Performance of a Hybrid-Integrated High-Tc Superconducting C-Band Oscillator - Ramisch, Roland; Klieber, Ralf; Schwab, Martin; Valenzuela, Alejandro; Weigel, Robert; Russer, Peter (URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, 1992)
elib2cris::1512001600,ramisch1992

On the Design of a Continous-Time Channel Select Filter for a Zero-IF UMTS Receiver - Maurer, Linus; Schelmbauer, Werner; Pretl, Harald; Adler, Bernd; Springer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert (51st Vehicular Technology Conference, 2000)
This paper presents the design-flow of a channel select filter for a zero-IF receiver suitable for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) frequency division duplex (FDD) mode. The necessary filter behaviour is determined from system specifications. These results are used as input for the design of the filter on circuit level. A system overview of the UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA) physical layer is presented and the advantages and shortcomings of the zero-IF receiver structure are addressed
elib2cris::1512001600,maurer2000a
Keywords: Receivers; Physical layer; Mobile communication; Information filters; Information filtering; Downlink; Design engineering; Cellular phones; Baseband; 3G mobile communication

On the Design of a Multi-Mode Transceiver Front-End for Cellular Terminal RFICs - Hueber, Gernot; Strasser, Gernot; Maurer, Linus; Stuhlberger, Rainer; Chabrak, Karim; Hagelauer, Richard (The European Conference on Wireless Technology, 2005)
Developments aimed at the software-defined-radio (SDR) concept for cellular applications received increasing attention due to necessity of multi-mode/multi-system capable terminals for next generation cellular communication systems. This paper describes a highly reconfigurable digital-front-end (DFE) enabling multi-mode capable RF receivers for cellular applications. Its main functionality includes sample-rate-conversion, channel filtering, dynamic range control, and signal conditioning for transmission via a digital interface from RFIC to baseband IC. The described partitioning shifts some of the functionality, traditionally located in the analog-front-end (channel filtering, gain control) to the digital-front-end. The technology shift towards RF-CMOS further favors this strongly digital receiver architecture
elib2cris::1512001600,hueber2005
Keywords: CMOS integrated circuits; cellular radio; filtering theory; radiofrequency integrated circuits; software radio; wireless channels; RF-CMOS; SDR; cellular applications; cellular terminal RFIC; channel filtering; dynamic range control; multimode receive digital-front-end; sample-rate-conversion; signal conditioning; software-defined-radio; Analog integrated circuits; Application software; Baseband; Communication system control; Digital filters; Digital integrated circuits; Dynamic range; Filtering; Radio frequency; Radiofrequency integrated circuits

On the Design of Mobile Radio Zero-IF Receivers - Pretl, Harald; Schelmbauer, Werner; Maurer, Linus; Weigel, Robert (Informationstagung Mikroelektronik, 1999)
elib2cris::1512001600,pretl1999

On the Design of Moderate Time-Bandwidth SAW Convolver for Indoor and Mobile Radio Applications - Weigel, Robert; Fauter, Andreas; Russer, Peter; Reindl, Leonhard; Seifert, Franz (5th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Communications, 1994)
The main applications of surface acoustic wave (SAW) convolvers have previously been military and have required high processing gain values. Rather complex hybrid fabrication technologies have to be employed needing large packages and resulting in expensive devices. Applications in radio frequency (RF) consumer communications use relatively short code sequences. For these systems, low-cost SAW convolvers with moderate time-bandwidth products on the order of a few hundred have many interesting features. To meet the demands for low price and high reliability, precise reproducible designs and economic mass production of the devices are indispensable. The authors report on the design and performance of a small and compact prototype SAW convolver. Input center frequency, integration time and time-bandwidth product are 350 MHz, 3 us and 150, respectively
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel1994c

On the Equality Constraint Tolerance of Constrained Optimization Problems - Si, Chengyong; An, Jing; Lan, Tian; Ußmüller, Thomas; Wang, Lei; Wu, Qidi (Theoretical Computer Science, 2014)
The tolerance value plays an important role when converting equality constraints into inequality constraints in solving Constrained Optimization Problems. Many researchers use a fixed or dynamic setting directly based on trial or experiments without systematic study. As a well-known constraint handling technique, Deb's feasibility-based rule is widely adopted, but it has one drawback as the ranking is not consistent with the actual ranking after introducing the tolerance value. After carefully analyzing how the tolerance value influences the ranking difference, a novel strategy named Ranking Adjustment Strategy (RAS) is proposed, which can be considered as a complement of Deb's feasibility-based rule. The experiment has verified the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. This is the first time to analyze the inner mechanism of the tolerance value for equality constraints systematically, which can give some guide for future research.
elib2cris::1512001600,si2014
Keywords: Constrained optimization; Constraint handling techniques; Equality constraints tolerance; Particle Swarm Optimization; Ranking methods

On the impact of channel coding, Viterbi decoding and SOVA for a single carrier system with frequency domain equalization - Witschnig, Harald; Aichberger, Roland; Huemer, Mario; Weigel, Robert; Springer, Andreas (Global Telecommunications Conference, 2003. GLOBECOM '03. IEEE, 2003)
In this work we investigate the effect of convolutional coding, interleaving and Viterbi decoding, as they are used for OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) in the IEEE 802.11a standard, for a single carrier system with frequency domain equalization (SC/FDE). We will characterize the effect of decision length (maximal length of the trellis) and code rate in terms of bit error behavior, reliability of soft decisions and implementation effort for the classical Viterbi algorithm as well as for the soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA). The (coding) parameters of the simulated system are adapted to the IEEE 802.1 Ia standard for WLAN applications. In detail we will elaborate on the advantages of pilot symbols, that are multiplexed into the data stream as a method to reduce the necessary decision length as well as to reduce the implementation effort and to improve the SOVA output. It will be demonstrated that the use of pilot symbols shows significant advantages that dominate the disadvantages.
elib2cris::1512001600,witschnig2003c
Keywords: IEEE 802.11a standard; OFDM system; Viterbi decoding; WLAN applications; bit error behavior; channel coding; code rate; convolutional coding; decision length; frequency domain equalization; indoor wireless communication; interleaved code; orthogonal frequency division multiplexing; pilot symbols; single carrier system; soft output Viterbi algorithm; wireless local area networks; Viterbi decoding; OFDM modulation; channel coding; convolutional codes; equalisers; indoor radio; interleaved codes; wireless LAN

On the Impact of System Nonlinearities in Continuous-Wave Radar Systems for Vital Parameter Sensing - Michler, Fabian; Shi, Kilin; Schellenberger, Sven; Scheiner, Benedict; Lurz, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), 2020)

On the performance of pulsed frequency modulated UWB local positioning systems - Ebelt, Randolf; Waldmann, Benjamin; Bauer, Georg; Aleksieieva, Anna; Eßwein, Alexander; Weigel, Robert; Vossiek, Martin (2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, IMS 2011, 2011)
Recently, a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) local positioning concept based on pulsed frequency modulated (PFM) signals was introduced by the research groups of the authors of this paper. The current paper presents a detailed analysis of the performance - i.e. range and accuracy - of the proposed PFM-UWB approach. It is shown that with PFM-UWB an excellent coverage/range can be achieved. It is also shown that for high precision ranging a VCO with good phase-noise performance is needed. Based on simulations and measurement results the theoretical findings are verified. The results confirm that PFM-UWB allows for accuracy in the mm-range and a maximum range of more than 100 m with a measuring time of only 1 ms. © 2011 IEE
Keywords: radar; radio navigation; radio position measurement; transponders; Ultra-wideband (UWB)

On the Role of SAW Devices in Current and Future Radio Systems - Weigel, Robert; Schmidt, Matthias; Pimingsdorfer, Dieter; Maurer, Linus (International Workshop on Sip/soC Integration of MEMS and Passive Components with RF-ICs, 2004)
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel2004b

On the suppression of excitation-induced spurious modes in the symmetrical-condensed node TLM scheme - Isele, Bertram; Lindenmeier, Stefan; Weigel, Robert; Russer, Peter (Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), 1996)
elib2cris::1512001600,isele1996

On the Synthesis of Equivalent Circuit Models for Multiports Characterized by Frequency-Dependent Parameters - Neumayer, Roland; Stelzer, Andreas; Haslinger, Friedrich; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2002)
The synthesis of lumped-element equivalent circuits for time-domain analysis of problems with frequency-dependent parameters is of great interest in microwave theory. This paper presents a systematic approach to generate minimal-order realizations for passive microwave circuits characterized by either admittance, impedance, or scattering-parameter data. In addition, a very efficient method to ensure inherent system properties such as stability and passivity is described. The proposed method is suitable for simulating frequency-response-based linear subnetworks in a general circuit environment consisting of lumped/distributed elements and nonlinear devices. Modeling examples for a two-, four-, and ten-port system with nonlinear and linear terminations, respectively, are given.
elib2cris::1512001600,neumayer2002b
Keywords: Model; Synthesis

Open-Ended Dielectric-Filled Waveguide Antenna for Underwater Usage - Sporer, Michael; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (European Radar Conference, 2014)
In wireless short-range underwater communication a trend towards higher operating frequencies and bandwidth can be noticed in order to increase channel capacity and throughput. For launching electromagnetic waves typically low-directive wire antennas are employed. In this work a new kind of underwater antenna is presented for the 2.4GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band, based on a dielectric filled open-ended waveguide. The antenna is designed as impedance matching transformer allowing a connection of conventional 50Ohm coaxial cables. The measured 10dB bandwidth in fresh water is approx. 550MHz (22%). Compared to a conventional monopole antenna an increase in receive power of approx. 14 dB can be achieved.
elib2cris::1512001600,sporer2014

Open-Ended Dielectric-Filled Waveguide Antenna for Underwater Usage - Sporer, Michael; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (European Microwave Week, 2014)
In wireless short-range underwater communication a trend towards higher operating frequencies and bandwidth can be noticed in order to increase channel capacity and throughput. For launching electromagnetic waves typically low-directive wire antennas are employed. In this work a new kind of underwater antenna is presented for the 2.4GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band, based on a dielectric filled open-ended waveguide. The antenna is designed as impedance matching transformer allowing a connection of conventional 50Ohm coaxial cables. The measured 10dB bandwidth in fresh water is approx. 550MHz (22%). Compared to a conventional monopole antenna an increase in receive power of approx. 14 dB can be achieved.
elib2cris::1512001600,sporer2014a

Optical and Microwave Length Measurement Techniques for Logs Proc. pf SPIE's 46th Annual Meeting - Stelzer, Andreas; Diskus, Christian; Holzer, R.; Stadler, M.; Weigel, Robert (International Conference on Subsurface Sensing Technology and Applications III, 2001)
elib2cris::1512001600,stelzer2001b

Optical measurement system for the determination of acoustic phase velocities with high accuracy - Holm, Andreas; Soelkner, Gerald; Ruile, Werner; Weigel, Robert (Microelectronic Engineering, 1994)
A technique for the optical measurement of the surface acoustic wavefield on piezo-electric materials has been developed. This allows the determination of the phase velocity with a resolution of 1.5 · 10-5. This fundamental parameter for the design of SAW devices can be measured as a function of crystal cut, temperature and frequency.
elib2cris::1512001600,holm1994

Optimale Beleuchtung im Schafstall - Werner, Daniel; Müller, Maike; Reiter, Klaus; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva (Fachtagung Energieeffizienz und e-Mobilität in der Landwirtschaft, 2016)

Optimale Geradenschätzung für Time-of-Flight Umfeldsensoren - Stellet, J.; Kutzera, Christian; Weigel, Robert (Technisches Messen, 2011)
Dieser Artikel stellt einen verbesserten Algorithmus zur Geradenschaetzung fuer Umfeldsensoren vor. Eine optimale Schaetzung ist nur moeglich, wenn die stochastischen Eigenschaften der Messfehler beruecksichtigt werden. Lidar- und Ultraschallsensoren erfassen die radiale Entfernung rund den Azimutwinkel ϕ. Deshalb ist es sinnvoll, unkorrelierte Messfehler in Polarkoordinaten anzunehmen. Schaetzverfahren, die die daraus folgende Korrelation in kartesischen Koordinaten nicht beruecksichtigen, koennen daher einen systematischen Schaetzfehler aufweisen. Zwei neuere Ansaetze zur Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzung der Geradenparameter werden hier vorgestellt und es wird die Verbesserung eines der Verfahren vorgeschlagen.
elib2cris::1512001600,stellet2011

Optimale Spreading Codes für ein breitbandiges 2.45 GHz Indoor TCDMA System - Springer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert; Zenzinger, Alesander; Zhang, Zhongping; Seifert, Franz (Kleinheubacher URSI/ITG-Tagung, 1997)
elib2cris::1512001600,springer1997

Optimization of EDGE terminal power amplifiers using memoryless digital predistortion - Ceylan, Nazim; Müller, Jan-Erik; Weigel, Robert (Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2004)
This paper describes a look up table (LUT) based digital predistortion system usable for EDGE (enhanced data for GSM evolution) handset transmitters. The system is memoryless and capable of improving system efficiency and performance in terms of the leakage power at offset frequencies and error vector magnitude (EVM). Minimum system requirements on wordlength and LUT size have been investigated. It is shown that a LUT having about 500 coefficients and a system wordlength of 13 bits are sufficient for EDGE. The proposed system is simple and can be easily implemented in handsets in order to improve the overall system performance.
elib2cris::1512001600,ceylan2004a
Keywords: UHF power amplifiers; cellular radio; linearisation techniques; memoryless systems; mobile handsets; radio transmitters; table lookup; 13 bit; EDGE handset transmitters; EDGE terminal power amplifiers; EVM; LUT based digital predistortion; LUT size; enhanced data for GSM evolution; error vector magnitude; look up table wordlength; memoryless digital predistortion; offset frequencies leakage power; power amplifier linearization methods; power amplifier optimization; GSM; Linearity; Memoryless systems; Mobile communication; Power amplifiers; Power generation; Predistortion; System performance; Table lookup; Telephone sets

Optimization of EDGE Terminal Power Amplifiers Using Memoryless Digital Predistortion - Ceylan, Nazim; Müller, Jan-Erik; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2005)
This paper describes a lookup-table (LUT)-based digital predistortion system usable for enhanced data for global system for mobile evolution (EDGE) handset transmitters. The system is memoryless and capable of improving average efficiency and performance in terms of the leakage power at offset frequencies and error vector magnitude. The obtainable efficiency at maximum linear output power is comparable, but at backoffs superior to commercial EDGE power amplifiers (PAs). Minimum system requirements on word length and LUT size have been investigated, which shows that a LUT having approximately 500 coefficients and a system word length of 13 bits are sufficient for EDGE. The proposed system is simple compared to basestation implementations comprising PA memory compensation and can be easily implemented in handsets in order to improve the overall system performance. The effects of antenna mismatch on system performance have been investigated.
elib2cris::1512001600,ceylan2005
Keywords: linear circuits; mobile communication; power amplifiers; memoryless systems

Optimized Delta Sigma Modulation for Class-S Power Amplifiers Based on GaN Switching Transistors - Samulak, Andrzej; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Radio Wireless Symposium, 2009)
elib2cris::1512001600,samulak2009

Optimized Design and Fabrication of a Wireless Pressure and Temperature Sensor Unit Based on SAW Transponder Technology - Schimetta, Gernot; Dollinger, Franz; Scholl, Gerd; Weigel, Robert (Microwave Symposium, 2001)
The optimized design and fabrication of a passive pressure and temperature sensor unit based on SAW transponder technology fully meeting the restrictions of the European ISM RF band at 433.92 MHz is presented. The sensor unit consists of a reflective SAW delay line which is used as temperature sensor and transponder, and a capacitive pressure sensor. With a special arrangement of the impedance loaded splitfinger interdigital transducer, and the reference reflectors on the SAW substrate, a temperature corrected evaluation of the pressure signal is enabled. Due to the small dimensions and cost-effective design of the sensor unit, the utilization as a tire pressure sensor is proposed. A prototype of the SAW delay line and the micromachined pressure sensor is demonstrated.
elib2cris::1512001600,schimetta2001a

Optimized output baluns for current mode class D power amplifiers - Kamper, Michael; Kondakov, Dmitrii; Fischer, Georg (8th German Microwave Conference, GeMiC 2014, 2014)
Baluns optimized for Current Mode Class D (CMCD) amplifiers are presented. CMCD amplifiers employ a differential output and therefore require a low loss balun to drive single ended loads. Furthermore, impedance termination at harmonic frequencies needs to be controlled to maintain high efficiency operation. In this work planar balun types are compared with respect to insertion loss and harmonic impedance behavior. Afterwards an exponentially tapered balun is designed, demonstrating a very low loss of 0.2 dB at 860 MHz.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-10-22

Optimized output baluns for wideband differential class D PAs - Kamper, Michael; Fischer, Georg (2017 IEEE Topical Conference on Power Amplifiers for Wireless and Radio Applications, PAWR 2017, 2017)

Optimizing Continuous-Wave Radars for Vital-Sign Detection: System Design Challenges and Limitations - Michler, Fabian (International Microwave Symposium (IMS) 2023, 2023)

Optimizing multi-level ReRAM memory for low latency and low energy consumption - Hosseinzadeh Foroushani, Shima; Klemm, Marius; Fischer, Georg; Fey, Dietmar (it - Information Technology, 2023)
Abstract : With decreasing die size and the ability to store multiple bits in a single cell, resistive random access mem- ory (ReRAM) can be used to increase storage density, making it a promising technology for the next generation of memory. However, multi-level write operations suffer from impairments such as large latency, high energy consump- tion, and reliability issues. In this paper, we study different mechanisms affecting the “multi-level incremental step pulse with verify algorithm” (M-ISPVA) on a 1-transistor-1-resistor (1T1R) model in transient simulation at the com- ponent and the circuit level with focus on resistance control and energy consumption during the entire process of state transitions. By dividing the M-ISPVA into a triggering and a controlling period, we discovered the transis- tor to operate in the ohmic region during the triggering period as a voltage-controlled resistance and in the satu- ration region during the controlling period as a voltage-controlled current limiter. Controlling the gate voltage in the triggering period can move the triggering point to a desired write voltage and in the controlling period can increase or decrease resistance steps per pulse to attain a desired speed of resistance change. In addition, the major energy portion is consumed for reset operation during triggering and for set operation during the controlling period. To optimize write performance, extra precaution must be taken when defining resistance states with target read-out current and gate voltage with the focus on evenly balanced latencies between all transitions. A direct multi-level write operation shows 67.5 % latency and 62.5 % energy saving compared to indirect ones, but suffers from only unidirectional control, making it non-feasible. In case of a 4 k bit memory, the more reliable M-ISPVA faces almost 37 % higher latency and energy compared to the basic ISPV
Keywords: 1T1R; ISPVA; M-ISPVA; MLC; non-volatile memory; ReRAM; ternary memory model; write-verification

Optimum Transistor Sizing for Low-Power Subthreshold Standard Cell Designs - Grimminger, Florian; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert; Kissinger, Dietmar (International Semiconductor Conference Dresden Grenoble, 2012)
This paper presents a simple method for standard cell optimization in the subthreshold regime. Through proper dimensioning of the transistor length and width an improved symmetric propagation delay and a reduction in dynamic power consumption compared to conventional CMOS standard cell implementations is achieved. The performance of the presented cells has been verified using logic gate arrays and ring oscillators with high number of stages. The measurement results reasonably agree with simulation data.
elib2cris::1512001600,grimminger2012

Options for DSP Code Generation - Eberlein, Ernst; Herre, Jürgen; Grill, Bernhard (Proceedings of the AES UK DSP Conference, 1992)
herre_papers_dsp_real_time_programming

Ortbare Multistandard RFID-Tags mit Sensor-Interface - Ußmüller, Thomas (ANALOG'13 Fachtagung Entwicklung von Analogschaltungen mit CAE-Methoden, 2013)
elib2cris::1512001600,ussmueller2013

Orthogonality in Boolean Cube. - Can, Yavuz (Khazar 2nd International Conference on Scientiﬁc Research, 2021)

Orthogonalization of a TVL in Disjunctive or Conjunctive Form - Can, Yavuz; Steinbach, Bernd (Further Improvements in the Boolean Domain, 2018)

Orthogonalization of DNF in TVL-Arithmetic - Can, Yavuz; Kassim, Hassen; Fischer, Georg (12th International Workshop of Boolean Problems, 2016)
In this paper two new equations for orthogonalization of disjunctive normal form are presented in Ternary-Vector-List arithmetic. They provides the mathematical solution of orthogonalization of disjunctive normal form. These new equations are based on the method of orthogonalizing difference-building and orthogonalizing OR-ing. Furthermore, they are compared in their number of operations. Their advantages in respect of computation time and the number of terms in the orthogonalized result are also shown. The presentation of both equations take place in Ternary-Vector-List arithmetic.
elib2cris::1512001600,can2016
Keywords: IC Test

Orthogonalizing Boolean Subtraction of Minterms or Ternary-Vectors - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg (Bell Laps Future X-Days, 2014)

Orthogonalizing Boolean Subtraction of Minterms or Ternary-Vectors - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg (Bell Laps Future X-Days, 2014)
Postervorstellu
Keywords: Ternary-Vector; Boolean; Orthogonality; Difference-Building

Orthogonalizing Boolean Subtraction of Minterms or Ternary-Vectors - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg (Acta Physica Polonica A, 2015)
In this paper, a method called “Boolean subtraction” which enables the subtraction of two minterms and of two functions of the disjunctive normal form respectively of two ternary-vectors and of two ternary-vector-lists is presented. The advantage of “Boolean subtraction” is that the calculated results are already presented in an orthogonal form, which has a significant advantage for further calculations. It replaces two procedures, once building the difference and then the subsequent orthogonalizing and has faster computing time in comparison. Furthermore, another equation is developed from the property of this new method providing orthogonal results in order to orthogonalize functions of the disjunctive normal for
Keywords: Set Theory; Difference Building; Ternary-Vector; K-map; Venn-Diagram; Computation Time; Orthogonality

Orthogonalizing Boolean Subtraction of Minterms or Ternary Vectors - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg (Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,can2014

Orthogonalizing of DNF in TVL-Arithmetic - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg; Kassim, Hassen (12th International Workshop on Boolean Problems (IWSBP’16), 2016)
In this paper two new equations for orthogonalization of disjunctive normal form are presented in Ternary-Vector-List arithmetic. They provides the mathematical solution of orthogonalization of disjunctive normal form. These new equations are based on the method of orthogonalizing diﬀerence-building ⊖ and orthogonalizing OR-ing ∨. Furthermore, they are compared in their number of operations. Their advantages in respect of computation time and the number of terms in the orthogonalized result are also shown. The presentation of both equations take place in Ternary-Vector-List arithmetic.<br

Ortung verschütteter Personen anhand ihrer GSM-Mobiltelefone - Rose, Richard; Zorn, Stefan; Götz, Alexander; Weigel, Robert (RadioTecC - Radio Techniques and Technologies for Commercial Communication and Sensing Applications, 2009)
elib2cris::1512001600,rose2009

Ortung von GSM-Mobiltelefonen in Katastrophenszenarien - Götz, Alexander; Rose, Richard; Zorn, Stefan; Weigel, Robert (DGON Navigationskonvent, 2009)
elib2cris::1512001600,goetz2009b

Ortung von GSM Mobiltelefonen zur Vermissten- und Verschuettetensuche - Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Zorn, Stefan; Rose, Richard; Götz, Alexander (Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication Workshop - Entwicklerforum - Fachmesse, 2011)
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel2011c

Outcomes of project BMWI C-PMSE and ETSI STF386 standardisation work on cognitive radio technology for PMSE - Fischer, Georg (EUMW European Microwave Week, 2015)
There have been two initiatives one in ETSI called STF386 and one inside a German national research project named C-PMSE funded by BMWI (German Ministry of Research and Education), that both deal with cognitive radio resource management for PMSE. The ambition was to mitigate interference through cognitive techniques. Principles of cognitive radio technology were adapted to the specific requirements of PMSE. The talk will therefore start highlighting the specific characteristics of PMSE, which strongly deviate from other known systems. PMSE demands very high availability near 100% in order to avoid drop-outs. Furthermore PMSE systems often are demanded to support very low latency in the order of 2 ms per PMSE link and 5 ms round trip. As PMSE usually can’t use heavy compression techniques (Digital Source coding or analogue compression) and channels are typically narrowband (e.g. 200 kHz), the operational SNR at RF is very high in the order of 50 dB. This makes PMSE very vulnerable to interference whether originating from other systems or own transmitter intermodulation. Cognitive resource management will dynamically adjust the transmit frequencies and transmit power of PMSE equipment. If the link quality degrades or is somehow about to degrade then above radio resource parameters are readjusted. The cognitive radio resource management is following the general rationale defined by the cognitive cycle as e.g. depicted by Mitola. For this purpose knowledge about the actual situation is needed. This knowledge is obtained by supervising actual link quality regardless whether analogue or digital transmission is used and by obtaining a radio environment map and consulting a geolocation database. In order to build this radio environment map, a grid of spectrum sensors is installed at an event location. Movement profiles of PMSE devices can thus be detected. It is important to stress that the cognitive regime followed includes nonlinear consideration. Spectrum resources interdepend due to non-linear effects, meaning that PMSE links could be interfered by transmit intermodulation from two other PMSE links, which makes the management of large scale events with many PMSE links challenging. Due to high operational SNR of PMSE links intermodulation products up to 5th sometimes even 7th order must be considered in transmit frequency assignment. The techniques derived during the course of the ETSI STF386 and BMWI C-PMSE project were implemented and practically studied in a trial at Messe Berlin. Luckily partners in the two initiatives were nearly identical and work in both initiatives was conducted in synchronous manner. The talk will therefore also highlight the practical implementations and trials conducted, that proofed the desired functionality. Although the technologies developed proofed that interference could be mitigated and thus PMSE links get more reliable in spectrum hostile environments, it was discovered that no additional capacity can be obtained.
elib2cris::1512001600,fischer2015b
Keywords: PMSE; C-PMSE; UHF; CR; SDR

Out-of-Distribution Detection for Radar-based Gesture Recognition Using Metric-Learning - Stadelmayer, Thomas; Servadei, Lorenzo; Santra, Avik; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, RWS, 2023)
The paper addresses the question how and to what extent metric learning can be beneficial for reducing the false alarm rate in radar-based hand gesture recognition systems. To this end, we evaluate different metric learning approaches for out-of-distribution or unknown motion detection. We found that metric learning can help to significantly increase the out-of-distribution capabilities of the network. We further investigated what conditions must be met for metric learning to work well, and found that the composition of the data set for known gestures has a large influence on the out-of-distribution detection rate.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-03-17
Keywords: FMCW radar; hand gesture recognition; metric learning; out-of-distribution detection

Outphasing Elements for Hybrid Analogue Digital Beamforming and Single-RF MIMO - Gäde, Bernhard; Amon, Michael; Bereyhi, Ali; Fischer, Georg; Müller, Ralf (2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2019)
In conventional Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, each antenna requires its own Radio Frequency (RF) chain. Since each RF-chain includes several active components that have to be synchronised, costs and complexity become restrictive. The outphasing MIMO and the outphasing precoder architectures are possible approaches to mitigate this problem. The core of both architectures are Outphasing Elements (OEs), which are used to form a electronically controllable, passive antenna feed network. In this paper, these OEs are analysed with respect to component tolerances. The feasibility of the outphasing concept is demonstrated by the implementation of a hardware prototype OE. The performance of this prototype is measured and compared to theoretical predictions with good agreemen
Keywords: outphasing; MIMO; hybrid analog digital precoding; beamforming; sensitivity

Outphasing RF Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communication Base Station Applications - Abou-Chahine, Zeid (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2015)

Oxygen detection system consisting of a millimeter wave Fabry-Pérot resonator and an integrated SiGe front-end - Wecker, Julia; Kurth, Steffen; Mangalgiri, Gauri; Gaitzsch, Markus; Gessner, Thomas; Bauch, Andreas; Nasr, Ismail; Weigel, Robert; Kissinger, Dietmar; Hackner, Angelika; Prechtel, Ulrich (SPIE Photonics West, 2015)
elib2cris::1512001600,wecker2015

Package Characterization Techniques and Evaluation of a Low-cost Leadless Plastic Package for mm-Wave Applications - Engl, Mario (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2006)

Package Characterization Techniques for High-Frequency Applications - Wojnowski, Maciej (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012)

Package Modeling Using Subspace Identification Algorithms - Neumayer, Roland; Stelzer, Andreas; Eurskens, Wolfram; Weigel, Robert (Proc. IEEE Workshop on Signal Propagation on Interconnects, 2003)
elib2cris::1512001600,neumayer2003b

PAPR-Limited Precoding in Massive MIMO Systems with Reflect- and Transmit-Array Antennas - Bereyhi, Ali; Jamali, Vahid; Müller, Ralf; Fischer, Georg; Schober, Robert; Tulino, Antonia M. (CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2019 FIFTY-THIRD ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS & COMPUTERS, 2019)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2020-07-31

Particle Steering In Magnetic Drug Targeting: A Simple Comsol Model - Thalmayer, Angelika; Zeising, Samuel; Ahmed, Doaa; Fischer, Georg; Kirchner, Jens (COMSOL Conference 2020, 2020)

Partitioning of Electronic Systems into Analogue and Digital Part - Example of Class-S Basestation Amplifier - Fischer, Georg (Elektrotechnisches Kolloquium, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 2008)
elib2cris::1512001600,fischer2008c

Passive CMOS RFIDs: Neue Features für die Entfernungsmessung und die Sensorik - Essel, Jochen; Brenk, Daniel; Heidrich, Jürgen; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert (Sensoren und Messsysteme, 2010)
In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiger RFID Transponder vorgestellt, welcher sowohl bei 13,56 MHz (HF) als auch bei 868 MHz (UHF) eingesetzt werden kann. Die Funktionalität dieses Multistandard RFID Transponders wurde zusätzlich um eine Sensorschnittstelle mit einem integrierten Temperatursensor und eine Ortungsfunktion erweitert. Für das Sensorschnittstelle wurde ein neuer ADU entworfen, welcher nach dem Prinzip der sukzessiven Approximation (SAR) arbeitet. Die gesamte Sensorschnittstelle benötigt für 100 kSps lediglich 1.4 myA bei 0.9V Versorgungsspannung.Die gemessene Effizienz des analogen CMOS Frontends für eine DC Ausgangsleistung von 10 myW beträgt ca. 7%, und die maximale Effizienz beträgt 15% bei UHF. Der für die Ortungsfunktion notwendige Oszillator wurde mit einer sehr geringen Stromaufnahme entworfen, welcher auch bei schwankender Versorgungsspannung einen stabilen Referenztakt erzeugt. Dies war notwendig, da der Transponder während der Ortung die vom Lesegerät ausgesendete FMCW-Rampe mit konstanter Frequenz moduliert. Die Sensorschnittstelle sowie die Ortungsfunktion werden protokollkonform über Custom Commands vom Lesegerät aktiviert.
elib2cris::1512001600,essel2010

Passive CMOS Sensors and RFID Tags - Seemann, Kay; Cilek, Fatih; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Sarnoff Symposium, 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,seemann2005a

Passive CMOS UHF RFID Transponders: A Nonlinear Black-Box Model of the RF Frontend - Weigel, Robert; Seemann, Kay (International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, 2007. ISSSE '07, 2007)
This paper presents a dynamic nonlinear behavioral model of the RF frontend of a passive RFID transponder for use in single-reader system simulations. By using this model the simulation time for antenna optimizations can be reduced considerably. In addition to the reduction of the simulation effort, the model hides the physical implementation and intellectual properties. A mixed time-domain/frequency-domain formulation is introduced for faster model parameter identification. Feedforward multi-layer-perceptron artificial-neural-networks have been used for the nonlinear multivariate system mapping.
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel2007c

Passive components using quasi-CPW in eWLB package - Pour Mousavi, Seyed Mehran; Wojnowski, Maciej; Pressel, Klaus; Sommer, Grit; Weigel, Robert (International Microwave Radar and Wireless Communications Symposium (MIKON), 2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,pourmousavi2012