Laser cutting of RRIM-Polyurethan components in comparison with other cutting techniques - Nuss, Rudolf; Müller, Roland; Geiger, Manfred (Lasers in Manufacturing, Proc. of the 5th Int. Conf., Berlin, 1988)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (425)

Laser cutting of steel sheets - Geiger, Manfred; Bergmann, H.W.; Nuss, Rudolf (Laser assisted Processing - Int. Congress on Optical Science and Engineering, 1988)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (278)

Laser Droplet Weld - an innovative joining technology - Geiger, Manfred; Jahrsdörfer, Bernd; Schmidt, Michael (Production Engineering - Annals of the WGP, 2003)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (974)

Laser Droplet Weld: An Innovative Joining Technology opens new applications possibilities - Jahrsdörfer, Bernd; Eßer, Gerd; Geiger, Manfred; Govekar, E. (Proceedings of SPIE: Photon Processing in Microelectronics II, 2003)
"Laser Droplet Welding" is an innovative joining technology. The welding is realised by a laser generated liquid metal droplet which is deposited onto the parts to be joined. The raw material is a metal wire. In conventional laser welding a gap between the parts worsens the quality of the laser welded joint substantially. Contrarily a droplet offers sufficient material to bridge gaps. Even different gap sizes can be bridged by a suitable selection of the droplet size. A further advantage is the controllable heat transfer, only given by the heat content of a single drop that is sufficient to produce a high-temperature weld. The droplet heating provides the opportunity to weld small devices, thin coatings and even heat sensitive components without negative influence on their mechanical and electrical function. It is also possible to interconnect different materials by the addition of material supplied in form of drops. With the Laser Droplet Weld it is furthermore possible to join high reflective materials. This article describes the process and the system technology as well as achieved results. It will mainly focus on the droplet detachment which influences the complete process, e. g. the heat quantity or weld splashes.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (979)
Keywords: Drops; Joining technology; Laser droplet weld; Laser welding; Welding technology

Laser Droplet Weld - ein innovatives Fügeverfahren - Hoving, W.; Jahrsdörfer, Bernd (Laser in der Elektronikproduktion & Feinwerktechnik, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (884)

Laser Droplet Welding and its potential for joining dissimilar materials - Jahrsdörfer, Bernd; Schmidt, Michael; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of the LANE 2004, 2004)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1089)

Laser Droplet Welding? eine neue Fügemöglichkeit für artungleiche Metalle - Jahrsdörfer, Bernd; Schmidt, Michael (Metall, 2004)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1090)

Laser: Ein flexibles Schneidwerkzeug für die Blechbearbeitung, Teile 1 und 2 - Nuss, Rudolf; Geiger, Manfred (Blech, Rohre, Profile, 1986)
LFT Import::2019-07-12 (184)

Lasereinsatz zum Fügen elektronischer Bauelemente - Fleckenstein, Marc; Fröhlich, Thomas; Hierl, Stefan; Kaufmann, Stefan; Schmidt, Michael (Idee-Vision-Innovation, Festschrift anläßlich des 60. Geburtstages von Professor Manfred Geiger, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (882)

Laser: Ein Werkzeug für die Fertigungstechnik - Geiger, Manfred; Nuss, Rudolf (Schweizer Maschinenmarkt, 1986)
LFT Import::2019-07-12 (183)

Laser Exposure of Photoresists and their Application in the Manufacturing of MIDs - Eßer, Gerd; Roth, Stephan (3rd International Conference on Molded Interface Devices MID 98, 1998)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1152)

Laserformgebung von Blechen - Geiger, Manfred; Arnet, Horst; Vollertsen, Frank (SFU-Tagungsband zur Sächsischen Fachtagung Umformtechnik, 1994)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (460)

Laser Forming - An Introduction for Manufacturing Engineering - Geiger, Manfred; Hennige, Thomas (Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sheet Metal, SheMet, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (765)

Laser Forming - Geiger, Manfred; Arnet, Horst; Vollertsen, Frank (Manufacturing Systems, 1995)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (519)

Laser Forming of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys - Microstructural Investigation - Merklein, Marion; Hennige, Thomas; Geiger, Manfred (Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Sheet Metal, SheMet 1999, 1999)

Laser forming of aluminium and aluminium alloys - microstructural investigations - Merklein, Marion; Hennige, Thomas; Geiger, Manfred (Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001)
This paper shows the microstructural development and changes in mechanical properties aluminium and aluminium alloys undergo during the process of laser forming. The resulting structures, grain structure and microstructure were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively by optical and electron microscopy in order to examine the kind of existing structure zones and their extent. Zones with different substructures can be seen depending on the selected test parameters. The degree of substructural development seems to be a function of all influences and cannot entirely be explained by laser parameters and material characteristics. Obviously, during laser forming several different inhomogeneous particle and dislocation structures develop which are responsible for the strength of the whole composite on the one hand, and for the strength of individual small components of the whole on the other hand. Thus, hardness tests of laser-formed specimens prove the existence of different zones depending on the material and heat treatment. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (871)
Keywords: Aluminium and aluminium alloys; Hardness test; Laser forming; Microstructure; Rapid prototyping

Laser forming of hardenable aluminium alloys - Merklein, Marion (Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sheet Metal, She Met, 2003)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1006)

Laser Fusion Cutting of Stainless Steel with a Pulsed Nd:YAG-Laser - Geiger, Manfred; Gropp, Armin (Welding in the World, 1993)
Recent improvements in the beam quality and output power of Nd:YAG lasers have made them more competitive as industrial tools. Two major advantages over CO2 lasers are the increase in absorbtivity of the shorter wavelength Nd:YAG light, especially when working on metals, and the possibility of using optical fibers. This report is concerned with the influence of the main process parameters on cut quality and the optimization of cut quality when cutting thin section stainless steel with an inert gas using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser.
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (398)

Lasergestützte additive Leiterbilderzeugung - Eßer, Gerd; Müller, Joachim (Laser in der Elektronikproduktion & Feinwerktechnik - Tagungsband des 4. Erlanger Seminars LEF 2001, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (879)

Lasergestützte Mikrofabrikationstechniken - Geiger, Manfred; Hennige, Thomas (VDI-Berichte, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (766)

Lasergestützte Montage mikrooptischer Komponenten - Kaufmann, Stefan; Luz, G. (Innovationen durch Laser Engineering - Berichtsband zum Abschlusskolloquium FORLAS II, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (783)

Lasergestützte Verbindungstechnik für räumliche, spritzgegossene Schaltungsträger (3D-MID) für Gebrauchstemperaturen über 150°C - Eßer, Gerd; Horn, Michael (PLUS-Produktion von Leiterplatten und Systemen, 2003)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (988)

Laser Heat Treatment of Laser Welded Joints in Dual Phase Steel Sheets - Blankl, Andreas; Merklein, Marion (Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1449)

Laser Imaging of Three-Dimensional Molded Interconnect Devices. - Eßer, Gerd; Dietel, C.; Geisel, Mark; Pursche, Lars; Roth, Stephan (Proc. of Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering LANE 97, 1997)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (709)

Laser implantation of ceramic particles into hot working tool surfaces for improving the tribological performance within hot stamping - Schirdewahn, Stephan; Carstensen, Niels; Hilgenberg, Kai; Merklein, Marion (6th European Steel Technology and Application Days, 2023)

Laser implantation of niobium and titanium-based particles on hot working tool surfaces for improving the tribological performance within hot stamping - Schirdewahn, Stephan; Spranger, Felix; Hilgenberg, Kai; Merklein, Marion (Defect and Diffusion Forum, 2020)
Within the scope of this work, a laser implantation process has been used, in order to improve the tribological performance of hot stamping tools. This surface engineering technology enables the generation of dome-shaped, elevated and highly wear resistant microfeatures on tool surfaces in consequence of a localized dispersing of hard ceramic particles via pulsed laser radiation. As a result, the topography and material properties of the tool and thus the tribological interactions at the blank-die interface are locally influenced. However, a suitable selection of hard ceramic particles is imperative for generating defect-free surface features with a high share of homogenously disturbed particles. For this purpose, different niobium (NbB2 and NbC) as well as titanium-based (TiB2 and TiC) materials were embedded on hot working tool specimens and subsequently analyzed with regard to their resulting shape and mechanical properties. Afterwards, modified pin-on-disk tests were carried out by using conventional and laser-implanted tool surfaces, in order to evaluate the wear and friction behavior of both tooling systems.<br
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-11-27
Keywords: Surface modification; Triobology; Laser implantation

Laser implantation of titanium-based particles into hot stamping tools for improving the tribological performance during hot sheet metal forming - Schirdewahn, Stephan; Carstensen, Niels; Hilgenberg, Kai; Merklein, Marion (Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity - Current Trends in the Technology of Plasticity, 2024)
Over the last decades, the application of ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) has constantly increased within the automotive industry due to its favorable strength-to-weight ratio. In this regard, hot stamping is used to manufacture such steel grades to geometrical complex car body components with high shape accuracy. Hot stamped parts are commonly made out of boron-manganese steel sheets, which are initially austenitized and subsequently formed and quenched simultaneously. During forming, however, high thermo-mechanical tool stresses appear, which in turn promote the occurrence of severe wear and high friction at the blank-die interface. After short time production, the quality of the parts as well as the operating time of the tool is negatively affected. To counter this, an innovative surface engineering technology named laser implantation process has been investigated, in order to improve the tribological performance of hot stamping tools. Within prior studies, the effectiveness of this technology has already been proven in laboratory scale by means of modified pin-on-disk and quenching tests. However, the tribological impact under industrial-related contact pressure has not been analyzed so far. Furthermore, the transferability of this technology to a deep drawing process has not been investigated in detail. To counter this, hot strip drawing tests with surface pressures ≥ 20 MPa have been performed to evaluate the tribological behavior. Furthermore, a locally modified as well as a conventional die were utilized for hot stamping rectangular cups, in order to compare their tribological impact.<br
Keywords: Tribology; Hot Stamping; Laser Implantation; Surface Structuring

Laser in der Materialbearbeitung - alter Hut oder High Tech mit Potential? - Schmidt, Michael; Roth, Stephan; Dirscherl, Manfred; Albert, F.; Mys, I.; Grimm, A. (Technik in Bayern, 2006)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1351)

Laser in metal forming - benefits for tribology - Otto, Andreas; Weidel, Stephan; Engel, Ulf (6th International Conference THE Coatings in Manufacturing Engineering, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1474)

Laser Material Processing in Synergy to Metal Forming - Geiger, Manfred; Hoffmann, Peter; Hutfless, Joachim (Production Engineering (Annals of the German Academic Society for Production Engineering), 1992)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (490)

Laser Micro Adjustment - From new basic Process Knowledge to the Application - Schmidt, Michael; Dirscherl, Manfred; Rank, M.; Zimmermann, M. (Congress Proceedings ICALEO 2005, 24th International Congress on Application of Laser & Electro-optics, 2005)
Laser micro bending and its controlled variant, laser micro adjustment are known for many years. Different theories on the working principle depending on interaction time and energy flux density have been evolved and experimentally proven [1]. The temperature gradient mechanism is one of the most established. As interaction times get shorter with the development of new laser sources, new phenomena are detected and different interaction principles postulated. In this paper the use of the temperature compression mechanism for adjusting fiber optics will be shown. An actuator for micro positioning of glass fibers relative to collimating optics is designed using simulations and experimental results. The benefit of laser adjustable actuators in building an automated, modular production line will then be demonstrated on a system developed for the assembly of fiber optical components. As heat impact and thermally induced damage are becoming a serious issue for laser adjustment in micro-technology, new, non-thermal bending mechanisms using ultrashort laser pulses are experimentally demonstrated and their interaction principles derived. Thus the article will give latest scientific information on our newest theories concerning the functional principles in laser bending but also focus on examples for the beginning migration of the process into industrial use for already well known process variants.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1226)

Laser micro processing - facts and trends - Schmidt, Michael; Eßer, Gerd (Proceedings of SPIE. Fourth International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication, 2003)
Micro technology is an application field, in which laser-based processes show a particularly high growth potential. New developments within the range of laser sources promote the laser application likewise, as the multiplicity of today already successfully realized applications. These encourage users ever more to focus on the tool called laser. With this contribution one tries to give an overview over developments and trends in the most important branches of laser beam micromachining. In detail semiconductor manufacturing, interconnect and micro mechanics are addressed. The contribution neither raises a claim on completeness, nor is to be given an absolutely measurable evaluation of the innovation value of interesting new developments. The goal of this contribution is to be a basis for a fruitful discussion between laser researchers, developers, users and manufacturers by supplying with information about activities in the field of micro technology.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (985)
Keywords: Interconnect; MEMS; Micro mechanics; Micro technology; MOEMS; Semiconductor; Trends

Laser Micro Technology - A New Approach for Joining in electronics Production - Fröhlich, Thomas; Hierl, Stefan; Schmidt, Michael; Lenfert, Kai; Geiger, Manfred (MICRO.tec2000 Proceedings, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (762)

Laser micro welding of copper and aluminium using filler materials - Eßer, Gerd; Mys, I.; Schmidt, Michael (Laser Precision Microfabrication LPM 2004, Proceedings of SPIE, 2004)
The most evident trend in electronics production is towards miniaturization. Regarding the materials involved, another trend can be observed: intelligent combinations of different materials. One example is the combination of copper and aluminium. Copper is the material of choice for electronic packaging applications due to its superior electrical and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, aluminium offers technical and economical advantages with respect to cost and component weight - still providing thermal and electrical properties acceptable for numerous applications. Especially for high volume products, the best solution often seems to be a combination of both materials. This fact raises the question of joining copper and aluminium. With respect to miniaturization laser micro welding is a very promising joining technique. Unfortunately, the metallurgical incompatibility of copper and aluminium easily results in the formation of brittle intermetallic phases and segregations during laser welding, thus generating an unacceptable quality of the joints. This paper presents investigations on enhancing the quality during laser micro welding of copper and aluminium for applications in electronics production. In order to eliminate the formation of brittle intermetallic phases, the addition of a filler material in form of a foil has been investigated. It can be shown that the addition of pure metals such as nickel and especially silver significantly reduces the occurrence of brittle phases in the joining area and therefore leads to an increase in welding quality. The proper control of the volume fractions of copper, aluminium and filler material in the melting zone helps to avoid materials segregation and reduces residual stress, consequently leading to a reduction of crack affinity and a stabilization of the mechanical and electrical properties.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1074)
Keywords: Aluminium-copper; Dissimilar metals; Filler materials; Laser micro welding

Laser Micro Welding of Dissimilar Metals - Schmidt, Michael; Jahrsdörfer, Bernd; Mys, I. (Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Applications of Laser & Electro-Optics ICALEO, 2004)
Joining of dissimilar metals is a challenging task in many fields of application. Often liquid phase joining produces material properties in or nearby the joint that do not fit the requirements for the whole workpiece. The need for those joints occurs in mechanical as well as in electro - mechanical interconnects. Copper is the material mostly used in electronic applications due to its high electrical and thermal conductivity. On the other hand aluminum offers technical and economical advantages with respect to cost and component weight, still providing thermal and electrical properties acceptable for numerous applications. Especially for high volume products, the best solution often is a combination of both materials. With respect to miniaturization of those joints laser micro welding is a promising technique. Unfortunately, the metallurgical incompatibility of copper and aluminum results in the formation of brittle intermetallic phases and segregations, thus generating an unacceptable quality of the joints. Investigations on laser micro welding of copper and aluminum will be presented for applications in high power and automotive electronics. In order to eliminate the formation of brittle intermetallic phases, the addition of a filler material in form of a foil will be shown. The addition of pure metal such as silver significantly reduces the occurrence of brittle phases in the joining area and therefore leads to an increasing welding quality especially with respect to static and dynamic mechanical properties. "Laser Droplet Welding" is an innovative technique also useful for producing material conclusive connections between dissimilar metals. This paper provides a closer look at this welding process for stainless steel and titanium. An analysis of the microstructure in the welding area and hardness tests allow a deeper insight into metallurgical changes during the process by issuing qualitative and even quantitative information.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1076)

Laseromvormen - Geiger, Manfred; Arnet, Horst; Vollertsen, Frank; Coremans, Arjan (MB Produktietechniek, 1995)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (520)

Laser Power Stabilizing Control System For High Power CO2 Laser Welding - Deinzer, Günter; Hoffmann, Peter; Bär, W.; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of SPIE, 1993)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (385)

Laser Profile Forming - Magee, J.; Hennige, Thomas (Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sheet Metal, SheMet, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (814)

Laser Pyrolysis of Polysilazan - A New Technique for the Generation of Ceramic-like Coatings and Structures - Krauß, Hans-Joachim; Motz, G. (Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Ceramic Society, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (894)

Lasers in Manufacturing 2007 - Vollertsen, Frank; Emmelmann, M.; Schmidt, Michael; Otto, Andreas (Proceedings of the Fourth International WLT-Conference on Lasers in Manufacturing, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1412)

Laser Sintering of Iron Based Powders - Leibelt, Rüdiger; Dierken, R.; Hoffmann, Peter (ECLAT - European Conference on Laser Treatment of Materials, 1998)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1609)

Laserstrahlbasiertes Fügen in der Hochleistungselektronik - Mys, I.; Jahrsdörfer, Bernd; Schmidt, Michael (Maschinenbau in Bayern, 2005)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1214)

Laserstrahlbiegen von Eisen- und NE-Legierungen - Vollertsen, Frank; Geiger, Manfred (Blech, Rohre, Profile, 1993)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (448)

Laserstrahlbohren durchflußbestimmender Durchgangslöcher - Schmidt-Hebbel, Robert (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1994)
The aim of the work was the further development of the process of laser beam drilling of through holes in order to improve especially the geometric reproducibility of flow rate determining holes as well as multi-hole-pictures. The obtained quality of the hole finish by laser beam processing should not require any subsequent post processing. An important research result is the reduction of the flow tolerances of laser beam drilled holes to below 1 % of the average flow value. This equals a reduction of about one order of magnitude as opposed to conventional laser beam drilling. This is achieved by the new concept of the in-process-measurement of the flow of process gas through the hole in process. A prerequisite for the flow measurement is the gas proof connection between the tool position which is to be processed and the flow measurement device. For plane workpieces, usually in the form of sheet-metal, clamping devices are proposed which contain a so called process gas chamber. By means of a Computer based control system a hole can be corrected in its flow value by a specific laser beam refinishing and approximated to a predetermined flow rate. As a standard value the present flow value is used, as place values all adjusting Parameters of the laser system, i.e. the laser aggregate and the positioning unit, are used. The most effective control strategy is the one with an adaptive focus shift, which after the production of an initial hole with a first single laser beam pulse calculates the difference to the predetermined flow value and, proportional to it, makes the shift of the focus. The effectiveness of the proposed method of processing is proved with different processing examples at steel sheets of different thickness. At the same time different processing strategies with variable hole geometries and arrangements are examine

Laserstrahlhartlöten in der Automobilindustrie - Hanebuth, Henning; Hoffmann, Peter; Geiger, Manfred (Blech, Rohre, Profile, 1994)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (613)

Laserstrahlhartlöten mit Zweistrahltechnik - Hanebuth, Henning (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1996)
The aim of this thesis is to obtain basic knowledge about automated and flux free laser beam brazing of formed sheet metal parts with double beam. The brazing system was composed of two Nd:YAG-lasers, a 6-axis-articulated robot as well as a filler metal and a shielding gas supply. In addition an online process control was developed, based on the detection of the surface temperature. In fundamental investigations of the process the arrangement of the laser beams as well as of the filler metal and the shielding gas supply were optimized. Intensive studies of the joint quality have shown good results concerning wetting and filling degree. Besides small thermal distortion occurred and high strength could be obtained. Applying two laser beam sources allows a controlled and separate in-coupling of the laser beam energy for each part of the joint. Thus different temperature profiles at the joints investigated can be optimal designed through the variation of focal position, angle of beam incidence and the arrangement of the laser beam working spots to the joint or the gap. The laser beam brazing technique presented delivers basic knowledge for the realization in industr

Laserstrahlinduzierte Pyrolyse präkeramischer Polymere - Krauß, Hans-Joachim (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2007)
The application of functional ceramic coatings on complexly shaped surfaces as well as the generation of functional surface structures is often problematic for conventional coating techniques. A solution to this difficulty is promised by a novel technology which uses the ceramization (pyrolysis) of polymer precursors via laser radiation for generating layers. This book discusses the fundamental mechanisms of laser induced pyrolsis of preceramic polymers. lt gives an overview over the producible layer morphologies and layer structures and displays the possibility of the selective application of definite surface structures as well as of the functionalization of the coating

Laserstrahljustieren als Innovation für die Montage von Mikrosystemen - Huber, Alexander; Müller, Joachim; Meyer-Pittroff, Frank (Idee-Vision-Innovation, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (885)

Laserstrahljustieren mit Excimer-Lasern - Prozeßparameter und Modelle zur Aktorkonstruktion - Müller, Burkhard (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2001)
Laser beam adjustment is an innovative assembly process. It enables the assembly costs of micro components to be significantly reduced. This book informs the developer and designer about the implementation of this process in product development and gives the process engineer a guide to the successful implementation of this technology.

Laserstrahljustieren mittels Aktoren - Entwicklung von Konzepten und Methoden für die rechnerunterstützte Modellierung und Optimierung von komplexen Aktorsystemen in der Mikrotechnik - Wurm, Thomas (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2004)
Laser adjustment with actuators – Development of a modular system for the computer aided design and optimisation of complex actuator geometries The increasing miniaturisation in the industrial production of electronic, optical and micro mechanical components requires an improved assembly technology. Sub-micrometer adjustment hast to be obtained within seconds. Laser adjustment offers a new approach to the assembly process of micro-parts with tolerance areas in the sub micrometer range. The application of laser adjustment requires an optimised construction of an actuator geometry. Therefore, the construction of an actuator geometry, or even such a single geometric element, makes great demands on the designer. The technical requirements on the actuators are determined by the number of necessary degrees of freedom, the maximum and the minimum adjustment area. This research aims at developing a concept and an implementation of a modular system to design and compute an actuator geometry for the respective problem. Therefore, the actuator system is described as a kinematic chain of single geometric elements. Additionally, a construction catalogue has been developed, in which fundamental actuator geometries are classified. This construction catalogue can be accessed while developing the geometry. Using the computational assistance of the modular system, the complex task of actuator design will be much more efficien

Laserstrahl - Kunststoffschweißen in der Automobilelektronik - Hierl, Stefan (Laser in der Elektronikproduktion & Feinwerktechnik, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (779)

Laserstrahl-Kunststoffschweißen von flexiblen Leiterstrukturen auf formgebende Trägermaterialien? eine alternative Aufbautechnik für MIDs - Polster, Steffen; Frick, Thomas; Wiengarten, Mario (MID 2004: Molded Interconnect Devices, 6th International Congress 22.-23. September 2004, Erlangen, Germany, 2004)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1101)

Laserstrahl-Kurzpulsschweißen von Metallfolien - Prechtl, Martin; Schmidt, Michael (Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 2005)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1171)

Laserstrahlregelung und Optikdiagnostik in der Strahlführung einer CO2-Hochleistungslaseranlage - Hutfless, Joachim (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1993)
Within the framework of this research new sensor and control units were developed for the closed-loop control of the laser beam and the optical component quality. The sensor concepts aim at an application close to the process as well as an on-line capability. In particular, the laser beam is sampled at its rim with a thermo-couple sensor measuring the beam position and radius. These two beam parameters are controlled by dynamical optical elements. The optical diagnostic system is based on a geometrical-optical test principle and supplies a measure for the thermal load of the optic

Laserstrahlschmelzabtrag - Prozessanalyse und -modellierung - Cser, Adrienn Orsolya (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2005)
Despite of its numerous advantages laser beam melt ablation is, due to the lack of process understanding, still not generally accepted by the industry today. Through the analyses performed in this work substantial new insights could be won. The possibility of process control and on-line surveillance was created, and the direction for the improvement of surface quality and process optimization through laser power modulation was pointed ou

Laserstrahlschneiden faserverstärkter Kunststoffe - Müller, Roland; Biermann, Stefan; Geiger, Manfred (Laser/Optoelektronik in der Technik, 1990)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (738)

Laserstrahlschneiden faserverstärkter Kunststoffe - Müller, Roland; Nuss, Rudolf; Biermann, Stefan; Geiger, Manfred (Laser/Optoelektronik in der Technik, 1989)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (436)

Laserstrahlschneiden in der industriellen Praxis - Gropp, Armin; Geiger, Manfred (Blech, Rohre, Profile, 1993)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (419)

Laserstrahlschneiden mit dem System Industrieroboter - Festkörperlaser - Geiger, Manfred; Gropp, Armin (Laser und Optoelektronik, 1993)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (399)

Laserstrahlschneiden und -schweißen in der flexibel automatisierten Blechteilefertigung - Nuss, Rudolf; Hoffmann, Peter; Hoffmann, Martin; Geiger, Manfred (Automatisierungstechnische Praxis, 1988)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (423)

Laserstrahlschneiden und -schweißen von Blechformteilen - Geiger, Manfred; Hoffmann, Peter (Neue Entwicklungen in der Blechumformung, 1990)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (730)

Laserstrahlschneiden von Feinblechen, Teil 1 - Nuss, Rudolf; Geiger, Manfred (Werkstattstechnik, 1988)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (284)

Laserstrahlschneiden von Stahlblechen - Geiger, Manfred; Gropp, Armin (METAV 90: Sonderschau Laser, 1990)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (725)

Laserstrahlschneiden von Stahlblechen: In der Industrie bestens eingeführt. Tl. I-III. - Geiger, Manfred; Heckel, Werner (Schweizer Maschinenmarkt, 1990)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (727)

Laserstrahlsintern von Metallpulvern. - Coremans, Arjan; Neubauer, Norbert; Hoffmann, Peter; Neugebauer, Stephan (Europäischer Laser-Markt, 1997)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (703)

Laserstrahlsintern von Metallpulver - Prozeßmodellierung, Systemtechnik, Eigenschaften laserstrahlgesinterter Metallkörper - Coremans, Adrianus (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1999)
Direct laser beam sintering of metal powders (DMLS) is still a young rapid prototyping process with great economic potential. Prototypes or prototype tools can be produced in a one-step process. The basics of the process must be better understood for qualified and controlled application. This was the first time in this work that: we developed a 3D process model that qualitatively describes the physical and material processes in the DMLS process. the influences of the process-determining parameters on component properties of laser-beam sintered workpieces are quantitatively and qualitatively recorded. we developed a process-adapted system technology to reduce the internal stresses introduced during laser beam sintering. Based on a structured process analysis, the three influencing factors laser beam, powder material and beam-material interaction were fundamentally characterized. The expansion of the knowledge gained with the analysis of the material properties of laser-sintered components provided the information to clarify the processes during laser beam sintering. Based on the understanding of laser beam internal in its entirety, a three-dimensional, physical process model was developed. During the first irradiation process, the powder material is converted into the solid, laser-sintered state. At the time the molten state occurs, there is adhesion to the surrounding substrate. The residual stresses are reduced during the subsequent irradiation. This modeling allows the effects on the characteristic component properties to be predicted qualitatively with a variation of the significant influencing parameters: the scanning speed primarily determines the achievable strengths with a tendency towards higher strengths at lower scanning speeds. the beam offset has a dominant influence on the internal stresses. An increase in the beam offset leads to greater tendencies to warp. Using the process model and practical test series, a process window for the powder material M Cu 2201 (components: Ni, CuSn, Cu-P and Cu3P) from EOS and the laser beam sintering system (manufacturer: EOS, type: EOSINT M 250) were determined. The surface energy introduced into the workpiece was determined as the main influencing factor. Mechanical properties, density, surface properties, tendency to warp and thermal stability of the components were characterized. As a result of the layered construction, laser-sintered workpieces have strongly anisotropic material properties. The changes in properties depending on the orientation to the normal of the building level, which amounted to up to 50% of the values of the mechanical component properties, could be predicted by the process model. Values for achievable mechanical component properties as a function of scan speed and beam offset are listed in Tables 7.3 and 7.4. A process window for which all the above-mentioned parameters reach an optimum does not exist. For example, an increase in strength is at the expense of the tendency to warp and good surfaces. To characterize the molded part geometry, the individual error sources were narrowed down and their effects were shown. The systematic analysis served as the basis for the development of an automatic calibration module, with the help of which the absolute inaccuracies could be reduced to a maximum of 0.15 mm and the relative to 0.15% of the total dimensions. This meant a 2.5-fold increase in dimensional accuracy compared to the uncalibrated delivery state of the investment. The temperature gradients between the interaction point and the surrounding, already sintered areas during the laser beam sintering led to internal stresses in the components, which in turn resulted in a distortion of the same. To reduce this effect, a flexible beam guidance and shaping system was developed. The raw beam emitted by the laser is divided into a focused working beam and a ring beam surrounding it, which is used to heat the surrounding powder bed. The comparison of workpieces, produced without and with process-adapted beam guidance, has shown that this concept of local preheating and postheating reduces the inherent stresses and the resulting distortion of the components by more than 50%. A specially developed test part was used, which allows the residual stresses introduced into the component by the laser beam sintering process to be determined quantitatively. In addition, the parts were significantly less warping even under thermal stress. Proof of this was provided by measurements of dimensional accuracy after heat treatments for a number of standardized components. The component properties determined in the course of this work and their qualitative prediction by means of the process model set up enable the user to tailor the properties of the laser-sintered components to the desired profile of requirements. Finally, this was exemplified using three selected applications. The possibility of quantitative predictions of the component properties is necessary for the further qualification of the laser beam internal. The extension of the physical process model to a quantitative description of the effects is an option. The use of FE analysis is suitable for support and expansion. The step-by-step structure of the 3D process model described in the present work represents a guideline for the development of numerical modeling. The component properties determined are available for the verification of the FE results. Furthermore, the material systems used offer great potential for improving the component properties of laser-sintered workpieces. The next step is to use steel as the low-melting component and to use a high-temperature resistant material such as tungsten as the high-melting component. In addition to this, the expansion of the system technology is a prerequisite, since the successful processing of oxidation-sensitive powder materials requires a reducing or inert atmosphere. The use of higher power laser beam sources enables the required higher process temperatures to be generated without reducing the scanning speed and thus the production time. By consistently implementing the results obtained, further areas of application can be opened up. Applications of laser beam internal e.g. for the production of molds for light metal die casting or for the forming technique or the production of electrodes for die sinking EDM are currently still in the research stage [REI97, GEI97]. However, you can already expect further technical and economic potential for industrial us

Laserstrahlumformen räumlicher Bauteile - Geiger, Manfred; Kraus, Jürgen; Vollertsen, Frank (Bänder, Bleche, Rohre, 1994)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (596)

Laserstrahlumformen von Aluminiumwerkstoffen - Beeinflussung der Mikrostruktur und der mechanischen Eigenschaften - Merklein, Marion (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2001)
Laser beam forming as a flexible shaping process in combination with the lightweight aluminum material represents a particular challenge for the engineering sciences. The investigation and description of the effects of short-term heating on the component and its mechanical properties enable the process to be designed based on the material, thereby expanding the industrial potential laser beam forming for rapid prototyping and small series productio

Laserstrahlumformen von Aluminiumwerkstoffen - Merklein, Marion; Geiger, Manfred (Strahltechnik, 2002)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1719)

Laserstrahlumformen von Aluminiumwerkstoffen unter Berücksichtigung der mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Mikrostruktur - Geiger, Manfred; Merklein, Marion (Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (823)

Laserstrahlumformen von räumlichen Bauteilen - Geiger, Manfred; Kraus, Jürgen; Vollertsen, Frank (Tagungsband zur VDI-Tagung Rapid Prototyping, 1994)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (597)

Laserstrahlung als helfende Hand des Arztes - Tangermann-Gerk, Katja; Schmidt, Michael; Roth, Stephan; Klämpfl, Florian (Laser-Magazin, 2008)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1526)

Laserstrahlunterstützte Erzeugung metallischer Leiterstrukturen auf Thermoplastsubstraten für die MID-Technik - Eßer, Gerd (2002)
The advantages arising from the spatial integration of electrical and mechanical functions in three-dimensional plastic parts will in future increasingly lead to the replacement of conventional electronic assemblies by thermoplastic MIDs. The laser beam structuring of 3D-MIDs - ie the generation of electrical conductor structures with the laser - is clearly superior to alternative manufacturing processes not only in terms of the achievable structure resolutions, but above all in terms of flexibility. However, less well-developed structuring systems and structuring methods that only partially fulfill the specific requirements of MID technology have hitherto been an obstacle to the widespread market introduction of laser-beam-structured 3D-MIDs. Against this background, this book deals with fundamental considerations for the design of laser-pattern structuring elements 3D-MIDs and on the other hand developed new approaches for the production of conductor structures on thermoplastic substrate material

Laserstrukturieren von MIDs - Ein Anwendungsbeispiel aus der Automobilindustrie - Eßer, Gerd; Schultheis, H. (Laser in der Elektronikproduktion & Feinwerktechnik - Tagungsband des 3. Erlanger Seminars LEF 2000. Erlangen 8.-9.3., 2000)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (756)

Laser supported activation and additive metallization of thermoplastics for 3D-MIDs - Hüske, M.; Kickelhain, J.; Müller, Joachim; Eßer, Gerd (Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering 3 - Proceedings of the LANE 2001, Erlangen 28.-31.08, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (891)

Laser system technology for an improved workpiece tracking in 3D CO2 Laser beam cutting. - Neubauer, Norbert; Hoffmann, Peter; Geisel, Mark (Proceedings of the GCL/HPL, Edinburgh, 1996)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (663)

Lasertechnik am Lehrstuhl für Fertigungstechnologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg - Geiger, Manfred; Nuss, Rudolf (Laser in der Fertigungstechnik, 1987)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (188)

Lasertechnik in Synergie zur Umformtechnik - Geiger, Manfred; Hoffmann, Peter; Hutfless, Joachim (Blech, Rohre, Profile, 1993)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (406)

Laserumformung von Blechen - Geiger, Manfred; Vollertsen, Frank; Arnet, Horst (SFU-Tagungsband Innovationspotential Umformtechnik, 1994)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (607)

Laserunterstützes Rührreibschweißen von Magnesium Tailored Welded Blanks - Gnibl, Tobias; Merklein, Marion (XXXI. Verformungskundliches Kolloquium, 2012)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1790)

Laserunterstütztes Biegen - Pitz, Matthias; Otto, Andreas (Kolloquium Erweiterung der Formgebungsgrenzen bei Umformprozessen, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (904)

Laserunterstütztes Biegen höchstfester Mehrphasenstähle - Pitz, Matthias (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2005)
The use of high strength steel has a substantial potential far the lightweight construction, however the forming of high strength steel is very difficult. In this book it is represented, how the forming limits of the high strength multi-phase steel can successfully be increased by a laser assisted bending proces

Lebensdaueroptimierte Werkzeugauslegung - Völkl, Ralf; Dölle, N. (Digital Engineering, 2003)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (958)

Lebensdauervorhersage für Werkzeuge der Kaltmassivumformung auf Basis der numerischen Prozeßsimulation. - Falk, Bernd; Engel, Ulf (Umformtechnik, 1997)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (710)

Leichtbau erfordert neue Prozesstechnik - Geiger, Manfred; Hennige, Thomas (Leichtbau durch Umformtechnik, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (767)

Leichtbauwerkstoffe für den modernen Automobilbau - Degner, Julia; Herrmann, Jürgen; Junker, Friedhelm; Berendt, Erik; Merklein, Marion (Konstruktion, 2018)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2296)

Lightweight construction by means of innovative process strategies in hydroforming technology - Geiger, Manfred; Merklein, Marion; Blankl, Andreas; Cojutti, Massimo (Steel Grips, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1442)

Linear and Nonlinear Characterization of Surface Quality in Laser Beam Melt Ablation - Cser, Adrienn Orsolya; Bube, K.; Donner, R.; Schwarz, U.; Mandelj, S.; Otto, Andreas; Feudel, U. (COLA 2003, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Collaboration Agents: Autonomous Agents for Collaborative Environments, Halifax, Canada, 2003)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1004)

Linked heat treatment and bending simulation of aluminium tailored heat treated profiles - Froeck, Hannes; Graser, Matthias; Reich, Michael; Lechner, Michael; Merklein, Marion; Kessler, Olaf (Minerals, Metals and Materials Series, 2017)
Precipitation hardening aluminium alloys enable tailoring of mechanical properties through the dissolution of strength-increasing precipitates during a local short-term heat treatment. Tailor Heat Treated Profiles (THTP) are aluminium extrusion profiles with locally different material properties, specifically optimised for succeeding bending processes. Softened areas need to be generated next to hardened areas to optimise the material flow during the forming process. To determine the optimised layout of softened and hardened areas, a process chain simulation consisting of the simulation of the short-term heat treatment and the subsequent forming process seems purposeful. The numerical modelling of short-term heat treatment requires a coupled computation of thermal and mechanical simulation with particular focus on the evaluation of microstructure and consequently on the change of mechanical properties. The dissolution and precipitation behaviour during heating and cooling of aluminium profiles 6060 T4 is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Thermo-mechanical analysis is applied for evaluation of the mechanical properties. This behaviour should be described in a material model with the software LS DYNA. The heat treatment simulation provides a distribution of mechanical properties along the profile, which is an important input parameter for the following forming simulation. In order to avoid a loss of information between the heat treatment simulation and forming simulation, both linked simulations are performed with the software LS DYNA.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-03-29
Keywords: Aluminium alloy; Differential scanning calorimetry; EN AW-6060; Tailor heat treated profiles (THTP)

Local adaptation of aluminum blanks through laser de-alloying and wire alloying - Stephan, Marcel; Zieroth, Henrik; Samland, Simona; Bartels, Dominic; Merklein, Marion; Schmidt, Michael (SheMet2025, 2025)
Abstract. The 7xxx series aluminum alloys, renowned for their exceptional specific strength, are promising materials for automotive manufacturing. Despite their advantages, the widespread application of these alloys is inhibited by their low formability. The high strength but low formability is caused by Zn and Mg precipitations, which hinder dislocation motion. In this study, the local adaption of the elemental composition of aluminum blanks through selective evaporation and alloying via auxiliary wire is investigated. A high-power laser is used for melting and evaporating low boiling elements such as Mg and Zn while adding AlSi5 in parallel to improve formability in the forming zone. The resulting element distribution is studied and correlated with the applied process conditions, to gain an insight on the possibilities and limitations of the laser induced alloy adaptio
Keywords: Laser Welding; Aluminum; Hybrid Manufacturing

Local adjustment of surface integrity of forming tools by adaptation of tool making process - Andreas, Kolja; Henneberg, Johannes; Koch, Johannes Peter Karl; Merklein, Marion (Procedia CIRP, 2016)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2161)
Keywords: Local surface modification; Sheet-bulk metal forming; Tool manufacturing

Local Energy Approach - an Advanced Model for FEM-Simulation of Multiaxial Fatigue - Hänsel, Matthias; Meßner, Arthur; Engel, Ulf; Geiger, Manfred (Localized Damage II, Vol.2: Computational Methods in Fracture Mechanics, 1992)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (481)

Localized dispersing of TiB2 and TiN particles via pulsed laser radiation for improving the tribological performance of hot stamping tools - Schirdewahn, Stephan; Spranger, F.; Hilgenberg, K.; Merklein, Marion (Procedia CIRP, 2020)
The aim of this study is to increase the tribological performance of hot stamping tools by using a laser implantation process. This technique allows the fabrication of separated, elevated and dome-shaped microfeatures on the tool surface in consequence of a localized dispersing of ceramic particles via pulsed laser radiation. Hence, the topography and material properties of the tool are modified, which influences the tribological interactions at the blank-die interface. However, an appropriate selection of ceramic particles is an essential prerequisite, in order to obtain tailored and highly wear resistant surface features. In this regard, different titanium-based hard particles (TiB2 and TiN) were laser-implanted on hot working tool specimens and subsequently tested by means of a modified pin-on-disk test regarding to their wear and friction behavior.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-10-30
Keywords: Hot stamping; Hot working tool steel; Localized laser dispering; Surface modification; Tribology

Localized Laser Dispersing of Titanium-Based Particles for Improving the Tribological Performance of Hot Stamping Tools - Schirdewahn, Stephan; Spranger, Felix; Hilgenberg, Kai; Merklein, Marion (Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2020)
Within the scope of this work, a new surface engineering technology named laser implantation has been investigated, in order to improve the tribological performance of hot stamping tools. This technique is based on manufacturing highly wear-resistant, separated, and elevated microfeatures by embedding hard ceramic particles into the tool surface via pulsed laser radiation. Hence, the topography and material properties of the tool are modified, which influences the thermal and tribological interactions at the blank-die interface. To verify these assumptions and to clarify the cause-effect relations, different titanium-based particles (TiB2, TiC, TiN) were laser-implanted and subsequently analyzed regarding to their geometrical shape and mechanical properties. Afterwards, quenching tests as well as tribological experiments were carried out by using titanium-diboride as the most promising implantation material for reducing the tribological load due to high hardness value of the generated implants. Compared to conventional tooling systems, the modified tool surfaces revealed a significantly higher wear resistance as well as reduced friction forces while offering the possibility to adjust the thermal interactions at the blank-die interface. Based on these results, a tailored tool surface modification can be pursued in future research work, in order to enhance the effectiveness of the hot stamping technology.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-10-30
Keywords: Hot stamping; Localized laser dispersing; Surface modification; Tribology

Locally Adapted Tribological Conditions as a Method for Influencing the Material Flow in Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming Processes - Löffler, Maria; Schneider, Thomas; Vierzigmann, Ulrich; Engel, Ulf; Merklein, Marion (Key Engineering Materials, 2015)
Due to ecological and economic challenges there is a growing demand for lightweight designby using closely-tolerated complex functional components with variants. Conventional sheet and bulk metal forming operations are often improvident in producing such parts. A promising approach is the process-class "sheet-bulk metal forming" (SBMF). Within SBMF bulk forming operations are applied to sheet metals, often in combination with sheet forming operations [1]. This leads to a significant gradient in load conditions regarding stress and strain states and causes locally varying tribological conditions. Thus, the investigation of the tribological conditions and the provision of suited tribological systems are essential for the successful application of SBMF processes. The objective of the current study is the experimental investigation of the applicability of tribological adaptions by local abrasive blasting on a single-stage process combination of deep drawing and upsetting to produce a component with an external gearing. The manipulation of the local tribological conditions by the use of abrasive blasting leads to a better control of the material flow and in consequence to an improved quality of the components in terms of higher mould filling of the gear teeth and cup heights
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2067)
Keywords: Forming; Tailored Surfaces; Tribology

Locally Optimized Tool Surfaces by Laser Treatment in Cold Forging - Wagner, Kay; Völkl, Ralf; Engel, Ulf; Geiger, Manfred; Meyer-Pittroff, Frank (Proceedings of the LANE 2007, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1438)

Local prestressing of cold forging tools by reinforcements with adapted interference - Killmann, Martin; Merklein, Marion (Procedia Structural Integrity, 2022)
With contact pressures of more than 3000 MPa cold forging dies belong to the highest loaded components in mechanical engineering. Especially in non-symmetrical dies, this leads to a complex stress state with locally varying stresses. Cyclically occurring tensile stress concentrations cause crack initiation, which is why fatigue is the most important failure mechanism for complex cold forging tools. To reduce tensile stresses and counteract fatigue failure, dies are conventionally prestressed by inserting them into a reinforcement ring with a uniformly distributed interference. However, the compressive prestress is often not enough to compensate the high local stresses occurring in processes for non-symmetrical parts. Therefore, this paper focuses on using a non-uniformly distributed interference to locally increase prestresses in critical areas. To achieve this, gaps are inserted between die and reinforcement, inducing a bending stress. A numerical model is used to analyse how to design the gaps depending on the interference fit and how effective the use of gaps is for different part geometries with an increasing number of functional elements. Results show, that gap angles between 40° and 60° are suitable for locally improving the stress state. For high interferences, too large gap angles increase tensile stresses occurring in other areas of the dies, possibly impeding tool life. Since the adapted interferences work based on a bending effect, gaps are effective for up to four uniformly distributed critical areas. For more local elements, the lever distance is too low to apply an effective bending stress and the stress state does not improve. <
Keywords: Cold forging; Die design; Tool life; Local prestressing

Local strain measurement in tensile test for an optimized characterization of packaging steel for finite element analysis - Knieps, Fabian; Köhl, Manuel; Merklein, Marion (Key Engineering Materials, 2021)
The continuous development of packaging steels for thickness reduction processes requires an advanced process design. This process is increasingly supported by finite element analysis to simplify tool construction and material selection purposes. Therefore, the fundamental basis is always the precise material characterization of packaging steel commonly based on tensile tests to determine flow curve and Lankford coefficients. However, due to strong temper rolling and the occurrence of slip bands, most packaging steels just show little elongation in tensile test. Therefore, a method of Paul et al. [1] to determine the flow curve with digital image correlation (DIC) methods in the necking zone was applied in this work to meet the requirements of packaging steel. For the use of anisotropic yield functions, it is necessary to determine Lankford coefficients. Thus, a new method is proposed to measure Lankford coefficients locally with a DIC system in tensile test, also in case that no homogenous forming condition is reached. With the presented approaches the packaging steel TH415 was characterized. In order to validate the developed methods, a demonstrator was simulated with anisotropic yield function Yld2000-2d [2]. The comparison between simulation and experiment showed clear improvements in simulation accuracy when using the newly presented methods for packaging steel.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-03-29
Keywords: Anisotropy; Finite element method; Packaging steel

Lokale Kurzzeitwärmebehandlung zur Erweiterung der Formgebungsgrenzen prozessangepasster Halbzeuge der Aluminiumlegierung AA6016 - Hetzel, Andreas; Lechner, Michael (Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Bereich der Umformtechnik - 23. Umformtechnisches Kolloquium Hannover, 2020)
Steigende wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Anforderungen an das produzierende Gewerbe, besonders im Hinblick auf Nachhaltigkeit, fordern neue Lösungsansätze im Bereich Leichtbau und Funktionsintegration. Funktionsbauteile in Antriebssträngen und Getrieben verfügen über eine Vielzahl an teils hochkomplexen Nebenformelementen, welche konventionelle Fertigungsverfahren bereits heute an ihre Grenzen bringen. Im Vergleich zu spanenden Verfahren kann mit Umformprozessen durch die Ausnutzung des gesamten Werkstoffvolumens eine höhere Materialeffizienz realisiert werden. Maßgeschneiderte Halbzeuge bieten durch eine Materialvorverteilung zudem die Möglichkeit, die Umformergebnisse nachfolgender Prozesse zu verbessern. Diese können durch einen Taumelprozess hergestellt werden, bei welchem der Materialfluss durch ein Zusammenspiel aus einer Verkippung und einer taumelnden Bewegung des Stempels eingeleitet wird. Dieser bietet neben dem Potenzial einer gesteigerten Effizienz zudem die Möglichkeit, die Werkstoffeigenschaften durch Kaltverfestigung während des Umformprozesses gezielt einzustellen. Neben Stahlwerkstoffen kommen aus Gründen des Leichtbaus verstärkt Aluminiumlegierungen zum Einsatz, welche zwar eine geringere Dichte, aber gleichzeitig auch eine reduzierte Festigkeit und ein geringeres Umformvermögen besitzen. Zur Erweiterung der Formgebungsgrenzen von aushärtbaren Aluminiumlegierungen der 6000er-Reihe kann eine lokale Kurzzeitwärmebehandlung (WB) mittels Laser appliziert werden, durch welche die Fließspannung deutlich reduziert und folglich das Umformvermögen gesteigert werden können. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der Herstellung prozessangepasster Halbzeuge mit einem rotationssymmetrischen Layout unter Anwendung eines Taumelverfahrens aus dem Werkstoff AA6016 vorgestellt und die Werkstücke hinsichtlich ihrer Eigenschaften bewertet, wobei der Fokus vor allem auf der zu erreichenden Formfüllung liegt. Zur Verbesserung der Formfüllung werden anschließend unterschiedliche Wärmebehandlungsstrategien eingesetzt und die umformtechnischen Ergebnisse mit denen der konventionellen Prozessroute verglichen. In einem abschließenden Ausblick werden weiterführende Forschungsvorhaben vorgestellt.<br
Keywords: Lokale Kurzzeitwärmebehandlung; AA6016; Taumeln; Blechmassivumformung; Umformtechnik; Prozessgestaltung; Anlagen der Umformtechnik; Prozessoptimierung

Lokal optimierte Oberflächen an Umformwerkzeugen - Wagner, Kay; Völkl, Ralf; Engel, Ulf (3D-Erfahrungsforum Innovation im Werkzeug- und Formenbau, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1401)

Low Cost Lasersystem for Material Processing - Kugler, Peter; Hoffmann, Peter; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of the ICALEO Europe 98, 1998)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1608)

Lubricant free forming with tailored tribological conditions - Henneberg, Johannes; Rothammer, Benedict; Zhao, Rong; Vorndran, Martin; Tenner, Jennifer; Krachenfels, Kim; Häfner, Tom; Tremmel, Stephan; Schmidt, Michael; Merklein, Marion (Dry Metal Forming Open Access Journal, 2020)
Changed ecological and economic situations motivate research into environmentally friendly and efficient manufacturing processes. Forming without lubricant has the potential to meet both requirements by avoiding the usage of environmentally harmful lubricants and shortening the process chain by omitting lubricant application and component cleaning. Within the scope of the project, an increase in friction and adhesive wear were identified as major challenges, resulting in failure of components due to cracking. Therefore, this project focused on the investigation of measures to meet these challenges. Amorphous carbon coatings, the reduction of roughness and the application of discrete microtextures were considered as potential measures. Hydrogen-containing amorphous carbon coating systems (a-C:H) fabricated by reactive physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and PVD/PECVD hybrid techniques, as well as a PVD-generated tetrahedral hydrogen-free amorphous carbon coating (ta-C) were investigated with respect to their properties and tribological performance Three specific profile requirements –a dopant free carbon network, smooth and defect-free surfaces and a high coating adhesion to substrate –are identified as requirements, in order to prolonger the service life of the coated tools. Moreover, to enable the steering of the material flow ultrafast laser based micro texturing for locally tailored tribological conditions were investigated. Thereby two wavelength dependent ablation regimes which differ in ablation mechanism and freedom of form were identified. Using these approaches the friction coefficient could either be reduced by up to 20 % or selectively increased. To improve the efficiency of the process, several beam shaping approaches were evaluated to provide a homogeneous beam profile for uniform modification. By applying ta-C and a-C:H coatings in forming tests, the findings of the laboratory tests were validated and the feasibility of lubricant free deep drawing was proven. In order to benefit from the forming-process-specific advantages, high quantities and therefore high durability of the measures are required. An application-oriented wear test rig has been designed to investigate their durability. By this, it was proven that 3 000 components can be produced from DC04 without wear with both a-C:H and ta-C coatings, and thus increasing tool life by a factor of 15 compared to unmodified tools. Even in the case of wear-critical AA5182, 3 000 parts were produced without wear using ta-C. Within the scope of the project, a fundamental understanding of lubricant free deep drawing processes and measures was created and proof of feasibility in form of a high number of components was achieved.<br
Keywords: Dry Deep Drawing; Tribology; Carbon Based Coatings; Laser Based Surface Modification; Beam Shaping

Machine learning modeling of a deep drawing process for predicting resulting component properties after springback - Neumann, Jonas; Ramaiya, Umang Bharatkumar; Merklein, Marion (SheMet2025, 2025)
Abstract. Batch and process fluctuations in the fabrication of sheet metal components can lead to variations in product properties, potentially impacting subsequent manufacturing stages and increasing rejection rates. Identifying and analyzing these deviations is essential to maintain consistent product quality. To counteract such variations, a metamodel for a process chain, including deep drawing, clamping, and clinching, is proposed. This work presents a machine learning (ML) modeling approach for a deep drawing process with an s-rail tool to predict key properties such as effective plastic strain, maximum principal strain, von Mises stress, and residual sheet thickness after springback. The goal was to present a feasible approach for the ML modeling of the investigated deep drawing process and assess prediction qualities across different component sections. It was demonstrated that, with a moderate number of simulations, the predictive capabilities of the models for the forecasted parameters, as measured by the normalized root mean square error, averaged no more than just below 12 percent. However, certain regions, such as critical ends of the flange areas and transitions or straight sections near curved areas, had worse prediction quality compared to other sections. These regions were highlighted for future research, which should focus on incorporating additional features into the ML training process to improve predictions in these identified sections. In a broader scope, this ML modeling for the deep drawing process could be combined with ML modeling of subsequent processes, such as clamping and clinching, to develop a holistic metamodel for the entire process chai
Keywords: Sheet Metal; Deep Drawing; Machine Learning; ML Modeling

Machines and Tools for Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming - Merklein, Marion; Tekkaya, A. Erman; Brosius, Alexander; Opel, Simon; Kwiatkowski, Lukas; Plugge, Bjoern; Schunck, Sebastian (Key Engineering Materials, 2011)
The demand on closely-tolerated and complex functional components in the automotive sector, like e.g. synchronizer rings, leads to the development of a new process-class named "sheet-bulk metal forming". Within this technology bulk metal forming operations are applied on sheet metals. In the following two novel approaches considering machines and tools for sheet-bulk metal forming are presented. The first approach aims on a technology based on rolling, which is suitable for mass production. The second one is an incremental forming solution for low batch production. Both machine concepts allow the application of different forming strategies to manufacture individual tailored semi-finished products in term of a pre-distribution of material. These products feature variable sheet thicknesses and mechanical properties, which can be adapted to their case of application. Depending on the individual batch size, the blanks can be finished to functional parts by subsequent forming processes like deep drawing and upsetting, extrusion or incremental forming. In this paper the case of an incremental tooth-forming is mainly considered. Forming sequences and resulting loads are modeled and calculated by finite elements simulations for all discussed processes to serve as a basis for the design and dimensioning of the machine components and forming tools. © (2011) Trans Tech Publications.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1632)
Keywords: FE-Simulation; Incremental sheet forming; Rolling; Sheet-bulk metal forming

Macro and Micro Off-Line Programming - Geiger, Manfred; Pursche, Lars; Backes, Frank (IX. Internationales Produktionstechnisches Kolloquium Tagungsband PTK 98, 1998)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1629)

Magnesium - Leichtbauwerkstoff der Blechumformung: Relevanz einer exakten Werkstoffcharakterisierung und -modellierung - Suttner, Sebastian; Merklein, Marion (Konstruktion, 2016)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2192)

Manufacturing and Characterization of Multilayered 7000-Series Aluminum with Improved Corrosion Behavior Processed via Accumulative Roll Bonding - Degner, Julia; Bohm, Wolfgang; Herrmann, Jürgen; Kohler, Markus; Merklein, Marion (MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS, 2019)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2019-04-12

Manufacturing complex Sheet Metal Components by Hydroforming of Deep-Drawn Preforms - Lamprecht, Klaus; Merklein, Marion; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of the 24th IDDRG Congress, 20.-26.06., Besancon, France, 2005)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1145)

Manufacturing flexibilisation of metal forming components by tailored blanks - Merklein, Marion; Lechner, Michael (Proc. Conf. Competitive Manufacturing, 2013)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1821)

Manufacturing of advanced smart tooling for metal forming - Cao, Jian; Brinksmeier, Ekkard; Fu, Mingwang; Gao, Robert X.; Liang, Biao; Merklein, Marion; Schmidt, Michael; Yanagimoto, Jun (CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 2019)
Forming is widely used due to its high efficiency in material utilization and its high production rate in general. Most forming processes control the geometry of final products through a set of tooling. The increasing demands on lightweight products have challenged the performances and functionalities of tooling. This paper provides a systematic review of recent advancements related to tooling performance and functionalities, including tool materials, tooling fabrication processes (e.g., machining, heat treatment, coating, surface texturing, and additive manufacturing), sensing, and data analytics. Finally, recommendations on future research directions for metal forming tooling are provided.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-06-28
Keywords: Integration; Metal forming; Smart tooling

Manufacturing of Complex Functional Components with Variants by Using a new Metal Forming Process – Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming - Merklein, Marion; Koch, Johannes Peter Karl; Schneider, Thomas; Opel, Simon; Vierzigmann, Ulrich (International Journal of Material Forming, 2010)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (160)

Manufacturing of complex functional components with variants by using a new sheet metal forming process - Merklein, Marion (ICFG 2009, Proceedings of the 42nd Plenary Meeting of the International Cold Forging Group, 2009)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1578)

Manufacturing of complex high strength components out of high nitrogen steels at industrial level - Noneder, Hannes; Merklein, Marion (Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012)
High performance components, e.g., fasteners, nowadays are usually made out of cold forged and heat treated steels like steel 1.5525 (20MnB4). To overcome the problems of heat treatment, e.g., low surface quality, new workpiece materials for cold forging should be found to achieve the needlessness of heat treatment after cold forging. One possible material is given by high nitrogen steels like steel 1.3815 (X8CrMnN19-19). Due to the high strain hardening of these materials the process and tool design for an industrial batch process are challenging and should be conducted by FE-simulation. The numerical results show that, high strength tool materials, like PM-steels or cemented carbides, in most cases, are inevitable. Additionally to the selection of suitable tool materials, the tool layout should be developed further to achieve a high loadability of the tools. The FE-models, used for process and tool design, are validated with respect to the materials' flow and occurring forming force to assure a proper design process. Also the comparison of strength of components made out of steel 1.5525 in quenched and tempered conditions and steel 1.3815 in strain hardened condition is done. The results show that the component made of steel 1.3815 has a significantly higher strength than the component made of steel 1.5525. This shows that by the use of high nitrogen steels a high performance component can be manufactured by cold forging. © 2012 The Nonferrous Metals Society of China.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1865)
Keywords: cold forging; FE-simulation; heat treatable steel; high nitrogen steel; Martens hardness

Manufacturing of functional elements by sheet-bulk metal forming processes - Gröbel, Daniel; Schulte, Robert Karl; Hildenbrand, Philipp; Lechner, Michael; Engel, Ulf; Sieczkarek, P.; Wernicke, Sebastian; Gies, Soeren; Tekkaya, A. E.; Behrens, B. A.; Huebner, S.; Vucetic, M.; et al. (Production Engineering, 2016)
Due to increasing economic and ecological restrictions, conventional sheet and bulk forming operations often reach their limits with regard to part weight and functional integration. One solution to meet those challenges is provided by sheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF) processes. SBMF is defined as the application of bulk forming operations on sheet metal. SBMF can be combined with conventional sheet forming operations and offers the opportunity to form highly functional integrated parts out of sheet metal. It contains the benefit of an optimization of the part weight and a shortening of the process chain. Recent research has found different solutions regarding the actual implementation of SBMF in several process variants. In this paper, a categorisation for functional elements on sheet metal parts is proposed. A selection of possible approaches for their manufacturing is presented. The process variants are compared by means of the main process characteristics. By these means, the choice of a suitable option shall be facilitated for practical manufacturing design and for a particular relevant product.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2152)
Keywords: Flow control; Sheet-bulk metal forming; Tailored blanks; Tailored surfaces

Manufacturing of geared sheet metal components by a single-stage Sheet-bulk metal forming process - Schneider, Thomas; Merklein, Marion (Proc. Conf. Competitive Manufacturing, 2013)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1818)

Manufacturing of geared sheet metal components using flexible rolled tailored blanks - Opel, Simon; Schneider, Thomas; Merklein, Marion (Key Engineering Materials, 2013)
Manufacturing of functional sheet metal products with integrated gear teeth by forming can be realized with the application of bulk forming operations on sheet metals. The main challenges of sheet-bulk metal forming are high resulting forming forces and the demand on a specific control of the material flow. In addition, there is a distinctive interaction between blank thickness and resulting part quality. To meet these challenges at high material efficiency, the application of tailored blanks with a defined sheet thickness distribution is a promising way. The process adapted semi-finished products used in the presented work are formed by a flexible rolling process. Firstly the developed rolling machine to produce rotational symmetric tailored blanks is shown, as well as the fundamental process influences during rolling. Based on that, the development of a suitable process strategy to produce tailored blanks with a thickened sheet area is presented. The further processing of those tailored blanks for the realization of external geared sheet metal components will show the advantages compared to the application of conventional sheet metals of constant sheet thickness. Therefore the concept of a combined deep drawing process with geared drawing die and optional upsetting is presented. The results show, that on the one hand the material efficiency is increased in comparison to the usage of conventional sheets of the same maximum thickness. On the other hand, the application of flexible rolled tailored blanks improves mold filling of the gear teeth and the component's strength. These approaches prove that the application of rolled tailored blanks is an appropriate procedure to enhance the limits of using conventional sheet metals within sheet-bulk metal forming. Copyright © 2013 Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1858)
Keywords: Flexible rolling; Ironing; Sheet-bulk metal forming

Manufacturing of high-strength aluminum sheet metal in the Accumulative Roll Bonding process - Böhm, Wolfgang; Merklein, Marion (New Developments in Sheet Metal Forming, 2014)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (2019)

Manufacturing of Innovative Aluminum Components by Combining Shear Cutting Operation and Tailor Heat Treated Blank Technique - Degner, Julia; Suttner, Sebastian; Tsoupis, Ioannis; Lechner, Michael; Merklein, Marion (5th International Conference on Accuracy in Forming Technology, 2015)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (2130)

Manufacturing of Innovative Car Seat Components by Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels - Fundamental Research and Application - Merklein, Marion; Kaupper, Markus (Key Engineering Materials, 2009)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (208)
Keywords: Bending; Car seat; FEM; High strength steel

Manufacturing of process adapted tailored blanks by a flexible rolling process using the aluminum alloy AA6016 - Vogel, Manfred; Lechner, Michael (Key Engineering Materials, 2018)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2300)

Manufacturing of sheet metal components with variants using process adapted semi-finished products - Merklein, Marion; Plettke, Raoul; Schneider, Thomas; Opel, Simon; Vipavc, Daniel (Key Engineering Materials, 2012)
Functional sheet metal components can be manufactured through the use of bulk forming operations on sheet metal semi-finished parts. Challenging are the high forming forces and the exact control of material flow. The manufacturing of the semi-finished parts with a defined sheet thickness characteristic occurs on the basis of the processes upsetting and orbital forming. Following a forming operation is presented for the production of an external geared component. The potential for the enhancement of the process limits by use of tailored blanks is demonstrated.© (2012) Trans Tech Publications.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1783)
Keywords: Deep-drawing; FE-simulation; Orbital forming; Sheet-bulk metal forming; Upsetting

Manufacturing of tailored blanks by flexible rolling and its application in a sheet-bulk metal forming process - Vogel, Manfred; Lechner, Michael; Hildenbrand, Philipp; Schulte, Robert Karl; Merklein, Marion (Proceedings SCT2017, 2017)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (2229)

Manufacturing of tailored blanks by orbital forming with a two-sided material thickening - Vogel, Manfred; Merklein, Marion (Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2019)
Due to the rising lightweight construction, especially in the automotive industry, the demands focused on functional components are constantly increasing with a result of new challenges regarding the manufacturing technology. For an extension of the process limits of conventional sheet metal forming processes, semi-finished parts with a defined material pre-distribution, so-called tailored blanks, can be used to provide additional material volume in defined areas in order to achieve a proper die filling of functional elements like gearings or carriers used e.g. for synchronizer rings. However, due to the increasing component complexity and thus the forming of functional elements on both sides of the frame, a two-sided thickness profile is mandatory. As a result, the material thickenings on both sides of the tailored blank lead to an interaction, regarding the maximum achievable sheet thicknesses or dimensions of the material pre-distribution. For the manufacturing of such tailored blanks, an orbital forming process can be used. Prior investigations showed the general feasibility for the manufacturing of tailored blanks with a one-sided thickness profile. In this paper, the feasibility of using the orbital forming process to produce tailored blanks is fundamentally investigated. Therefore, a numerical model of the process was developed, with a subsequent validation by comparing the numerical with the experimental results. Afterwards, the material flow is analysed regarding different geometries of the material pre-distribution as well as the position of the thickness profile in order to allow a generally valid design.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-12-17
Keywords: Metal forming; Orbital forming; Sheet metal; Tailored blanks

Manufacturing of Tailored Blanks with Pre-shaped Involute Gearings by Using a Flexible Rolling Process and Its Application in a Sheet–Bulk Metal Forming Process - Vogel, Manfred; Schulte, Robert Karl; Kaya, Onur; Merklein, Marion (Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity, 2021)
Nowadays, the efficient manufacturing of functional components in short process chains is important due to the goal of a further reduction of greenhouse gases. Additionally, there are also technical demands like functional integration combined with an improvement of the component’s properties. Previous investigations have shown that the application of tailored blanksTailored blank with a defined thickness profile can lead to an improvement of the geometrical and mechanical properties of functional components. However, common forming processes reach their limits. A promising approach to enlarge these process limits is the application of bulk forming operations to sheet metals, the so-called sheet–bulk metal forming (SBMF). Within this process class, one possibility for manufacturing such blanks is a flexible rollingFlexible rolling process. As a result of movement of two rolling tools in combination with a die cavity in the lower tool, a defined geometry can be manufactured perpendicular to the sheet plane. In order to raise the complexity combined with a shorter process chain and thus to fulfil the requirements defined by the subsequent forming operations, a new design that contains a preform of involute gearings is introduced. In order to acquire process knowledge, the mild deep drawing steel DC04 with an initial sheet thickness of t0 = 2.0 mm is used. Furthermore, the subsequent application of the tailored blanks in a combined deep drawing and upsetting process is shown, with a characterization of the geometrical and mechanical properties.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-09-03
Keywords: Flexible rolling; Sheet forming; Tailored blank

Manufacturing Science Ensures Competence and Future - Geiger, Manfred; Nock, Marco (COMA 2004, Proceedings of the International Conference on Competetive Manufacturing, Stellenbisch, South Africa, 2004)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1045)

Manufacturing system for the inegrated hydroforming, trimming and welding of sheet metal pairs - Kreis, Oliver; Hein, Philipp (Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (848)

Manufacturing system for the integrated hydroforming, trimming and welding of sheet metal pairs - Kreis, Oliver; Hein, Philipp (Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Sheet Metal (She'Met) '99, 1999)
The purpose of the presented work is to shorten the process chain for the manufacturing of complex hollow bodies made of sheet metal by developing a manufacturing system that integrates the process steps hydroforming, mechanical trimming, laser beam welding and hydrocalibrating. For the hydroforming process, a special tool is developed that integrates a trimming device. After the preforming and cutting, the flange is welded by a laser beam that is guided by a special CNC-controlled welding robo
Keywords: sheet metal forming; process integration; shortened process chain; hydroforming; laser beam welding; welding robot

Maßgeschneiderte Halbzeuge - Umformtechnische Herstellung von Funktionsbauteilen zur Realisierung von Leichtbaukomponenten - Hetzel, Andreas; Schulte, Robert Karl; Vogel, Manfred; Degner, Julia; Merklein, Marion (wt Werkstattstechnik - Online, 2019)
Sheet Bulk Metal Forming enables the efficient manufacturing of functional lightweight components with different functional elements in a combined single stage deep drawing and upsetting process. By investigating the forming results with a conventional blank, regarding the properties like grain structure and Vickers hardness distribution, process limitations such as buckling and folding can be detected. These failures occur due to a three-dimensional stress and strain state as well as an insufficient die filling. A significant improvement of the quality of the produced parts can be enabled by the use of Tailored Blanks in the investigated process chain. With the manufacturing of the semi-finished parts by orbital forming, an adapted material pre-distribution can be realized, thus improving the die filling followed by a decrease of the parts' failures. Current research at the Institute of Manufacturing Technology focuses on the extension of the applicability of Tailored Blanks.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-02-21

Maßgeschneiderter Werkzeugoberflächen in einem flexiblen Walzprozess - Vogel, Manfred; Schulte, Robert; Freiburg, Dennis; Lechner, Michael; Biermann, Dirk; Merklein, Marion (FAU University Press, 2019)
Die Anwendung prozessangepasster Halbzeuge in Verfahren der Blechmassivumformung führt zu einigen Vorteile in Bezug auf nachgelagerte Umformprozesse. Durch eine definierte Materialvorverteilung wird sowohl eine ressourceneffizientere Nutzung des Materials als auch eine Steigerung der Bauteilqualität durch lokale Vorverfestigung erreicht. Die umformtechnische Herstellung rotationssymmetrischer, prozessangepasster Halbzeuge variabler Blechdicke ist durch ein flexibles Walzverfahren möglich, welches durch translatorische Bewegung zweier Umformwalzen einen Stofffluss in definierte Werkzeugkavitäten erzeugt. In Abhängigkeit des Aufdickungsvolumens und der Homogenität der Materialvorverteilung kann so in nachfolgenden Umformstufen, wie z. B. einem kombinierten Tiefzieh-Stauchprozess, eine höhere Formfüllung von Funktionselementen erreicht werden. Bedingt durch die tribologischen Eigenschaften zwischen Halbzeug und Walztisch kann in Abhängigkeit von Geometrie und Prozessführungsstrategie nicht immer eine homogene Materialvorverteilung erzielt werden. Durch den Einsatz von maßgeschneiderten Werkzeugoberflächen im Umformprozesssoll eine Möglichkeit zur Steigerung der Stoffflusskontrolle aufgezeigt werden, um so ein höheres Materialvolumen im Aufdickungsbereich bereitstellen zu können. Durch den anschließenden Einsatz der gewalzten Tailored Blanks in einem kombinierten Tiefzieh-Stauchprozess werden Erkenntnisse des Potentials zum Einsatz von Tailored Surfaces in der Halbzeugherstellung gewonnen und ein Prozessverständnis für den industriellen Einsatz abgeleitet.
Keywords: Blechmassivumformung; Tailored Blanks; Walzen; Inkrementelle Umformung

Maßgeschneiderte Werkstoffcharakterisierung für die numerische Auslegung von Blechumformprozessen - Lenzen, Matthias (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2023)
In many industries, there is a trend towards lightweight design to reduce the overall weight of the product. The challenge in this context is the reduced formability of these innovative materials with lightweight design potential. Especially the material behavior at plane strain is of crucial importance, since the lowest formability is present here. The primary objective is therefore the fundamental investigation of the material behavior at plane strain and the influence on the mapping accuracy of the modeled yield locus in the context of plane strain. For this purpose, new testing and evaluation methods are being developed. The resulting material parameters will subsequently be used for an improved modeling. The approach will be validated by means of error indicators based on a sample process. The aim is to achieve an efficient material characterization and identification of the essential model parameters in order to improve the simulation quality. With the knowledge gained, it is possible to reduce the number of tests required and thus the financial and time expenditure to the necessary minimum, while at the same time making the process design more efficie

Maßgeschneidert – Funktionsoptimierte Strukturbauteile im Presshärtprozess - Merklein, Marion; Svec, Thomas; Stöhr, Thomas; Wieland, Michael (Lightweight Design, 2010)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (718)

Massivumformen metallischer Kleinstteile bei erhöhter Prozesstemperatur - Egerer, Emil (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2005)
The focus of this work is placed to the analysis of the influence caused by an increased process temperature in micro forming onto the forming behaviour. The temperature influence is investigated using different key variables, which are important for the practical application. The gained results will support to enlarge the process comprehension for micro forming processes and, thus, to facilitate micro forming technology as an additional production technology to be applied in industr

Material Adapted Design of Cold Forging Tools Exemplified by Powder Metallurgical Tool Steels and Ceramics - Arbak, Murat (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012)
Since every single characteristic of the tool material in cold forging is heavily process dependent, there is no one optimum combination of mechanical, chemical and thermal properties that will suit to all possible cold forging applications. This book informs the process planner and tool designer about the necessity for a material adapted design of cold forging tools by means of proper pre-stressing systems, numerical simulation of the production process, etc., documents this with the selected examples from the industry and composes the guidelines for a cost and time efficient application of innovative tool material

Material Behavior in Microforming at Elevated Temperature - Egerer, Emil; Engel, Ulf (Proceedings of the ASPE Winter Topical Meeting, January 22-23, 2003)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (927)

Material characterisation methods for a tumbling self-piercing riveting process - Wituschek, Simon; Lechner, Michael (ESAFORM 2021 - 24th International Conference on Material Forming, 2021)
The growing demands of resource-saving processes and products are leading to increasing importance of lightweight construction for the automotive industry. One approach is multi-material design, which uses high-strength steels and aluminium alloys in the production of vehicle bodies. Therefore, reliable processes for joining components with different mechanical properties and geometries are necessary. As conventional joining processes reach their limits, new versatile processes and methods are required which can adapt to different process conditions and disturbance variables. A widely used joining process to join different materials is self-piercing riveting as a joining by forming method, however it is characterised as inflexible to changing process conditions due to a linear process kinematic and rigid dies. An approach to extend the process limits is the application of a tumbling kinematic for the punch. Thus, an adapted tumbling strategy can be used to influence the joining process and to achieve a controlled material flow in order to manufacture tailored joints. For the fundamental investigation of the process, numerical investigations are necessary. In order to achieve high model quality a precise material modelling is crucial. Therefore, a characterisation of the materials HCT590X+Z and EN AW-6014 as typical materials of multi-material mixes and the rivet material 38B2 is performed. Due to the different stress conditions during tumbling self-piercing riveting suitable characterisation methods are selected and carried out.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-11-26
Keywords: Joining; Self-piercing Riveting; Tumbling

Material Characterization of Hybrid Components Manufactured by Laser-Based Directed Energy Deposition on Sheet Metal Substrates - Kreß, Maximilian; Bartels, Dominic; Schmidt, Michael; Merklein, Marion (The 25th International Conference on Material Forming (ESAFORM 2022), 2022)
Laser-based directed energy deposition (DED-LB/M) allows the application of a wear-resistant metal coating to the surface of a sheet metal substrate. Subsequent deep drawing of the part enables high material efficiency, significantly shorter production times, and lower unit costs compared to, for example, solely machined production of the entire component. At the same time, energy-intensive global heat treatment strategies can be avoided. For the numerical analysis of such hybrid process chains, both the sheet metal substrate and the additively applied coating are usually characterized individually. However, the low thickness of the coating in combination with a relatively high welding depth, which is required for a good bond to the sheet metal substrate during subsequent forming, lead to a strong gradient of the mechanical properties as well as complex mechanical interactions in the bonding zone. Therefore, appropriate characterization methods are required. In this work, an investigation of different influencing factors, like the rolling, hatch and tensile direction, is carried out with the aid of tensile tests using hybrid specimens. In this way, interactions between the influencing factors are identified. As substrate, 3.5 mm thick 16MnCr5 blanks are used, with an approximately 0.68 mm thick coating of Bainidur® AM. In addition, an optical surface roughness measurement and metallographic analysis of the tensile specimen’s edge area after laser cutting is performed.<br
Keywords: directed energy deposition; sheet metal forming; material characterization; case hardening steel

Material flow control in sheet-bulk metal forming processes using blasted tool surfaces - Merklein, Marion; Löffler, Maria; Gröbel, Daniel; Henneberg, Johannes (Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on New Forming Technology, 2018)
Highly-integrated and closely-tolerated functional components can be produced by sheet-bulk metal forming which is the application of bulk forming operations on sheet metals. These processes are characterized by a successive and/or simultaneous occurrence of different load conditions such as stress and strain states which reduce the geometrical accuracy of the functional elements. Thus, one main challenge within sheet-bulk metal forming is the identification of methods to control the material flow and thus to improve the product quality. One suitable approach is to control the material flow by local modifications of the tribological conditions. Within this study requirements regarding the needed adaption of the tribological conditions for a specific sheet-bulk metal forming process were defined by numerical investigations. The results reveal that a local increase of the friction leads to an improved die filling of the functional elements. Based on these results abrasive blasting as a method to modify the tool surface and thus influencing the tribological behaviour was investigated. For the determination of the tribological mechanism of blasted tool surfaces, the influence of different blasting media as well as blasting pressures on the surface integrity and the friction were determined. The correlations between surface properties and friction conditions were used to derive the mechanisms of blasted tool surfaces.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (2323)
Keywords: Cold forming; Surface modification; Tribology

Material flow control in tailor welded blanks by a combination of heat treatment and warm forming - Gnibl, Tobias; Merklein, Marion (CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 2016)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2168)
Keywords: Aluminum; Forming; Post weld heat treatment

Material Flow in Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming - Vierzigmann, Ulrich; Koch, Johannes Peter Karl; Merklein, Marion; Engel, Ulf (Key Engineering Materials, 2012)
The trend towards closely-tolerated complex functional components with an increased functionality shows the limits of classical sheet and bulk metal forming operations. The combination of sheet and bulk metal forming operations to the new process class of sheet-bulk metal (SBMF) operations is a promising approach for producing the requested parts. Combining sheet and bulk metal operations is leading to different surface pressures and hence to different tribological conditions within the forming process. Investigations with FE-simulation have shown, that locally adapted tribological conditions can yield an improvement in material flow and thus, an increased mold filling within SBMF process. As frictional conditions are directly connected to the topography of workpiece and tool, the targeted modification of the workpiece topography can be used to adjust friction values, correspondingly. Within this paper the modification of workpiece topography by abrasive blasting and the resulting influence on the frictional conditions are investigated. Additionally, an approach for the definition of different tribological zones on a SBMF extrusion die is presented.© (2012) Trans Tech Publications.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1785)
Keywords: Abrasive blasting; Material flow; Sheet-bulk metal forming; Tribology

Material Forming ESAFORM 2012 - Merklein, Marion; Hagenah, Hinnerk (2012)
Description: This two-volume set of technical articles on materials science represents the proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference of the European Scientific Association for Material Forming held in Erlangen, Germany during March, 2012. Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS). The 227 peer-reviewed papers are grouped into the chapters: Keynotes; Formability of Metallic Materials; Forging and Rolling; Composite-Forming Processes; Semi-Solid Processes; Lightweight Design and Energy Efficiency in Metal Forming; New and Advanced Numerical Strategies for Material Forming; Extrusion and Drawing; Friction and Wear in Material Processing; Nano-Structured Materials and Microforming; Inverse Analysis Optimization and Stochastic Approaches; Constitutive Models for Metallic Alloys (Multiscale and Continuum); Innovative Joining by Forming Technologies; Incremental and Sheet-Metal Forming; Sheet-Bulk-Metal Forming; Heat Transfer Modelling; Structures, Properties and Processing of Polymers; Non-Conventional Processes; Machining and Cutting; Integrated Design, Modelling and Reliability Assessment in Forming (I-DMR
Keywords: Aluminum (Al); Anisotropy; Bending; CompositeM; Damage; Extrusion; Finite Element; Finite Element (FE) Simulation; Finite Element Method (FEM); Formability; Friction; Friction Stir Welding (FSW); Incremental Forming; Modeling; Numerical Simulation; Sheet Metal; Sheet Metal Forming; Sheet-Bulk-Metal Forming; Simulation; Yield Function

Material intrinsic length in plastic strain gradient theory and microbending process of metal foils - Li, H.; Dong, X.; Huang, S.; Diehl, Alexander; Hagenah, Hinnerk (6th International conference on MEMS NANO, and Smart Systems (ICMENS 2010), 2010)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1626)

Material Intrinsic Length in Plastic Strain Gradient Theory and Microbending Process of Metal Foils - Li Hezong,; Dong Xianghuai,; Huang Suxia,; Diehl, Alexander; Hagenah, Hinnerk (Advanced Materials Research, 2012)
In microbending experiments of metal foils an increase of non-dimensional bending moment with decreasing foil thickness has been observed, which indicates the obvious presence of size effects. It is attributed to plastic strain gradient. So a constitutive model taking into account plastic strain gradient together with conventional plastic strain hardening is proposed to analyze the non-dimensional bending moment in microbending process. It is confirmed that the predictions by using the proposed hardening model agree well with the experimental data, while those determined by using conventional elastoplastic model cannot capture such size effects. A semi-empirical expression is reasonable to determine the material intrinsic length as a function of shear modulus, initial yield strength, length of Burger's vector, grain size, and macro geometrical characteristic scale of the specimen. © (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1799)
Keywords: Material intrinsic length; Microbending; Plastic strain gradient

Material Model for the Production of Steel Fibers by Notch Rolling and Fulling - Biallas, Alina; Merklein, Marion (Key Engineering Materials, 2021)
Concrete, which is reinforced by steel fibers, represents a multifunctional building material that is able to realize flexible but stable structures. As an alternative to the energy-intensive conventional production procedure wire drawing, a combination of a notch rolling and cyclic bending process is proposed by Stahl [1] to produce those fibers. Besides representing the properties of steel fibers and the overall process, the paper brings the layout of both process steps into focus. Since notch rolling for the production of wire strip is mainly unexplored, a general conceptual design of the process and the rolling tools is performed, supplemented by a similar study on the fulling process. To enable a further evaluation of the process chain and its relevant process parameters, a numerical and experimental test phase using strip of a dual phase steel DP600 with a sheet thickness of t0 = 0.8 mm is intended in future. For ensuring high-quality numerical model, relevant behavior of the test strip is characterized through appropriate experiments and according material models in the present pape
Keywords: Conceptual design; Rolling; Steel fibers

Material Modelling for Stochastic Simulation - Sturm, Vera; Annen, C.; Merklein, Marion (Proc. 50th Conference of IDDRG 2010, 2010)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (312)

Material suited part and process design in sheet forming - Merklein, Marion; Geiger, Manfred; Vogt, Uwe (Neuere Entwicklungen in der Blechumformung: Tagungsband, Stuttgart: Werkstoff-Informationsgesellschaft, 2006)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1275)

Material- und Datenfluß in einer flexiblen Blechbearbeitungszelle - Geissler, Uwe (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1991)

Mathematical modeling of laser-assisted deep drawing - Kreis, Oliver; Hein, Philipp (Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001)
Although laser manufacturing with material removal (cutting) and with material addition (welding, rapid prototyping) has reached a high degree of industrial maturity, processes with constant mass and volume as forming techniques did not find a broad application up to now with the exception of laser bending. For efficient workpiece shaping the laser is not used as the sole source of energy but rather for a selective weakening of the workpiece in those regions, where strong deformations are achieved conventionally by mechanical forces. A first application of the latter idea is deep drawing, where laser beams weaken the material near the drawing edge, where the material is bent. Thus, a beneficial reduction of the drawing force is obtained, also allowing processing of materials, that are difficult to draw due to their low ductility. To predict the upper limit for the reduction of drawing forces, mathematical modeling of the process is necessary. Experiments have shown that a reduction of the drawing force up to 25% can easily be achieved. A mathematical analysis of laser-assisted deep drawing carried out recently is presented in the actual paper and shows that even much larger reductions are feasible. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Deep drawing; Laser materials processing

Mathematical Modelling of the Flow Behaviour of Hot Stamping Steels for a FE-based Process Design - Merklein, Marion; Lechler, Jürgen; Geiger, Manfred (Tagungsband COMA'07, Südafrika, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1456)

Measurement and characterisation of the microtopography in the contact area between workpiece and tool in microforming - Weidel, Stephan; Engel, Ulf (4M 2006, 2nd International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture, 20.-22.09.2006, Grenoble, France, 2006)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1321)

Measurement of material properties of aluminium sheet alloys at elevated temperatures - Novotny, Stefan; Celeghini, Martino; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Sheet Metal, SheMet, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (796)

Measures for controlling the material flow when extruding sheet-bulk metal forming parts from coil - Henneberg, Johannes; Merklein, Marion (Manufacturing Review, 2020)
The increasing demand for lightweight design requires functional integration. This poses challenges to conventional manufacturing processes due to the rising geometrical complexity of components. The application of bulk forming operations to sheet metal, named sheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF), is one approach to overcome these challenges. Currently, mainly pre-cut blanks are applied in research of SBMF. Production from coil, in contrast, would combine the advantages of SBMF with the advantages of manufacturing from a coil regarding high output quantity. To research SBMF from coil, a lateral and a backward extrusion process are set up. In addition to a reduced geometrical accuracy of the parts, which is known from SBMF of pre-cut blanks, an anisotropic material flow is identified as a coil-specific challenge. The aim of this research is to investigate measures that extend the forming limits by means of a material flow control. For this purpose, a combined numerical-experimental approach is applied in order to analyze and evaluate an adaption of the width of the coil, the feed width, and the local friction as measures for material flow control. Particularly local adaptation of friction by means of modified tool surfaces reduces the anisotropic material flow and improves the geometrical accuracy of the parts.
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2020-11-06

Measuring procedures for surface evaluation of additively manufactured powder bed based polymer and metal parts - Heinl, Martin; Greiner, Sandra; Wudy, Katrin; Pobel, Christoph; Rasch, Michael; Huber, Florian; Papke, Thomas; Merklein, Marion; Schmidt, Michael; Körner, Carolin; Drummer, Dietmar; Hausotte, Tino (Measurement Science and Technology, 2020)
Powder bed-based additive manufacturing has become increasingly important for industrial applications. In the light of this, qualitative considerations such as the geometrical accuracy, the resulting mechanical properties, and the surface quality of additively manufactured parts must be taken into account. Optical measuring techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy, fringe projection and focus variation as well as profilometers are evaluated here, to determine the surface quality of powder bed-based manufactured parts. Even though these surface evaluation methods are established commercially, no standardized measuring procedure has yet been established. Within an experimental study the validity and accuracy of surface measurement methods are evaluated below, taking the limitations of each measurement system and the comparability of areal surface textures into account. The examinations are carried out with the powder materials EN-AW2024, Ti-6V-4Al and PA12, which are processed by electron beam melting, and laser beam melting of metals and polymers. Guidance for a consistent and comparable surface evaluation is thereby provided.
Keywords: Additive manufacturing (AM); laser beam melting (LBM); electron beam melting (EBM); guidance for consistent surface evaluation; comparison of optical and profilometer surface measurements

Measuring systems for sheet-bulk metal forming - Loderer, Andreas; Timmermann, Martin; Matthias, Steffen; Kästner, Markus; Schneider, Thomas; Hausotte, Tino; Reithmeier, Eduard (Key Engineering Materials, 2015)
UnivIS-Import:2015-03-09:Pub.2015.tech.FT.lfmt.measur

Measuring systems for sheet-bulk metal forming - Loderer, Andreas; Timmermann, Martin; Matthias, Steffen; Kästner, Markus; Schneider, Thomas; Hausotte, Tino; Reithmeier, Eduard (Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Sheet Metal, 2015)
In order to fulfil today’s demands on fast, efficient and sustainable production processes the sheet-bulk metal forming is being developed as a new forming technology within the scope of the SFB/Transregio 73. Characteristically for the sheet bulk metal forming is a three dimensional material flow, which allows for extensive freedom in the design process. To ensure maintaining all the advantages, provided by sheet-bulk metal forming, new inspection concepts for the produced parts as well as for the forming tools have to be developed. For a production-related inspection of produced parts a multi-sensor fringe projection system is under development, which will be employed to detect deviations of features’ form and size. With its sensors of varying measuring range and resolution a feature adapted inspection is possible. Additionally an optical fibre sensor is projected to detect small parts of interest in a very high resolution to enhance the possibilities of the multiscale multi-sensor system. A newly developed endoscopic fringe projection system is used to inspect parts that are out of reach for common optical measuring systems such as the forming tool of the process. This allows for a continuous measurement of tool features and thus the detection of slow growing wear. Challenging for measurement tasks in the sheet-bulk metal forming process are not only the complex geometries but also the harsh environmental conditions and especially for the parts’ inspection, the different surface parameters. In this article the surface parameters of the some sheet-bulk metal formed parts and forming tools will be explained, followed by a description of the different measuring systems. Finally an exemplary evaluation of the influence of the surface properties on an optical measuring system will be shown.<br
Keywords: Metal forming; Measurement; Surface analysis

Mechanical and geometrical characterisation of tumbling self-piercing riveting joints in multi-material-systems - Wituschek, Simon; Lechner, Michael (IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2022)

Mechanical Behaviour of Ceramic Beads Used as Medium for Hydroforming at Elevated Temperatures - Grüner, Martin; Merklein, Marion (Key Engineering Materials, 2009)
The need of light weight construction for high efficient vehicles leads to the use of new materials like aluminium and magnesium alloys or high strength and ultra high strength steels. At elevated temperatures the formability of steel increases as the flow stresses decrease. Forming high complex geometries like chassis components or components of the exhaust system of vehicles can be done by hydroforming. The hydroforming process by oils is limited to temperatures of approximately 300 °C and brings disadvantages of possible leakage and fouling. Using granular material like small ceramic beads as medium could be an approach for hydroforming of ultra high strength steels like MS-W1200 and CP-W800 at temperatures up to 600 °C. The material properties of granular material are in some points similar to solid bodies, in other points similar to liquids. For understanding and simulation of the behaviour of the medium a basic characterisation of ceramic beads with different ball diameters is necessary. Powder mechanics and soil engineering give ideas for experimental setups. For the conversion of these approaches on the one hand the behaviour of the ceramic beads itself has to be characterized, on the other hand the contact between a blank and the beads have to be investigated. For the tests three different kinds of spheres with a diameter between 63 microns and 850 microns are used. In unidirectional compression test compressibility, pressure distribution in compression direction and transversal compression direction and the effect of bead fracture are investigated. The tests are carried out at different compression velocities and for multiple compressions. For determination of friction coefficients between blank and beads and determination of shear stress in bulk under compression a modified Jenike-Shear-Cell for use in universal testing machines with the possibility of hydraulic compression of the beads is built up. The gained data can be used for material modelling in ABAQUS using Mohr-Coulomb or Drucker-Prager model. © (2009) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (301)
Keywords: Elevated temperatures; Granular material; Hydroforming

Mechanical Characterisation of Metal Foils by Hydraulic Bulge Test - Diehl, Alexander; Staud, Detlev; Engel, Ulf (steel research international 79, Special Edition Metal Forming Conference 2008, 2008)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1538)

Mechanical degradation of contemporary CAD/CAM resin composite materials after water ageing - Wendler, Michael; Stenger, Anja; Ripper, Julian; Priewich, Eva; Belli, Renan; Lohbauer, Ulrich (Dental Materials, 2021)
Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of water storage on the quasi-static properties and cyclic fatigue behavior of four contemporary CAD/CAM resin composite materials. Methods: The CAD/CAM resin composites Grandio Blocs, LavaTM Ultimate, CerasmartTM and Brilliant Crios, as well as the direct resin composite Grandio SO, were evaluated. Rectangular plates were cut from the blocks or fabricated using a silicon mold to obtain specimens for fracture toughness (KIc, n = 10), biaxial strength (σ0, n = 30) and cyclic fatigue testing (n = 30). Half of the specimens was stored for 24 h in dry conditions and the other half was aged for 60 days in distilled water at 37 °C. KIc was determined using the Compact-Tension (C(T)) method and σ0 and cyclic fatigue were tested using the Ball-on-Three-Balls assembly. Additional disc-shaped specimens (n = 5) were produced to obtain water sorption curves of the materials. Weibull statistics and two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test were used for data assessment. Results: The highest water sorption was observed for LavaTM Ultimate (42.6 μg/mm3), whereas Grandio SO displayed the lowest uptake (14 μg/mm3). A statistically significant drop in KIc and σ0 was measured for all materials after water storage, except for the σ0 of CerasmartTM. Water ageing had a dissimilar effect on the cyclic fatigue behavior, increasing the slow crack growth susceptibility of LavaTM Ultimate, but decreasing it for CerasmartTM and Brilliant Crios. Significance: Contemporary CAD/CAM resin composites are susceptible to water driven degradative processes, although differences in filler content and resin matrix constitution play an important role in how it impacts their mechanical properties.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2021-05-14
Keywords: Biaxial strength; CAD/CAM; Cyclic fatigue; Fracture toughness; Hydrolytic degradation; Resin composite; Water sorption

Mechanical joining in versatile process chains - Meschut, Gerson; Merkein, Marion; Brosius, Alexander; Bobbert, Mathias (Production Engineering, 2022)
The use of mechanical joining technologies offers the possibility of joining mixed material structures, which are used in particular in lightweight construction. An integrated securing of the joinability in versatile process chains is currently hardly possible as the number of combinable tool variants as well as variable force- and path-based process parameters is infinite. A versatile process chain, i.e. a sequence of all the processes and process steps required for product manufacturing, enables targeted changes to the semi-finished product, the joint, the component or the joining process that exceed the originally planned extend while still ensuring joinability. In detail, it leads to a unique joint with its own mechanical property profile, which, against the background of the resulting infinite number of combinations, makes it impossible to secure the joinability on the conventional experimentally based approach without extensive safety factors. The Transregional Colaborative Research Center 285 (TCRC285), which also initiated this special issue, is intended to enable mechanical joining technology to be versatile in the sense of high application flexibility. This is to be achieved with a numerical representation of the complete process chain from the incoming semi finished product via the joining part production and the joining process to the property profile of the joint in the operating phase. Thus a predictability of the joinability can be achieved and improvements in the individual life cycles of a joint can be realized by grasping the cause-and-effect relationships. On the basis of this knowledge, new possibilities for intervention in the joining process are to be created for the adaptation of the joining processes. With the aid of the methods developed for this purpose, tools will later be available to the end user to substitute the large number of mechanical joining processes or joining task-specific configurations with a smaller number of adaptable processes. This expands the flexibility in material choices, enabling challenges in environmental issues and sustainability to be overcome.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2022-04-15
Keywords: Mechanical joining; TCRC285; Versatility

Mechanical joining of high-strength multi-material systems - trends and innovations - Merklein, Marion; Jäckisch, Manuel; Kuball, Clara-Maria; Römisch, David; Wiesenmayer, Sebastian; Wituschek, Simon (Mechanics & Industry, 2023)

Mechanical joining without auxiliary element by cold formed pins for multi-material-systems - Kraus, Martin; Frey, Philipp; Kleffel, Tobias; Drummer, Dietmar; Merklein, Marion (22nd International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming (ESAFORM 2019), 2019)

Mechanical Properties and bending behaviour of metal foils - Diehl, Alexander; Engel, Ulf; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2008)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1529)

Mechanical properties and plastic anisotropy of the quenchable high strengt steel 22MnB5 at elevated temperatures - Merklein, Marion; Lechler, Jürgen; Sturm, Vera; Bruschi, S.; Ghiotti, A.; Truetta, A. (Tagungsband SheMet'07, 2007)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1457)

Mechanical properties of an innovative shear-clinching technology for ultra-high-strength steel and aluminium in lightweight car body structures - Hoerhold, Rejane; Müller, Martin; Merklein, Marion; Meschut, Gerson (Welding in the World, 2016)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2167)
Keywords: Aluminium alloys; High strength steels; Mechanical fastening; Mechanical properties; Nonwelded joints; Vehicle bodies

Mechanical Properties of Laser Heat Treated 6 mm Thick UHSS-Steel - Jarvenpaa, Antti; Mantyjarvi, Kari; Merklein, Marion; Maatta, Antti; Hietala, Mikko; Karjalainen, Jussi (The 14th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming, 2011)
In this work abrasion resistant (AR) steel with a sheet thickness of 6 mm was heat treated by a 4 kW Nd:YAG and a 4 kW Yb:Yag-laser, followed by self-quenching. In the delivered condition, test material blank (B27S) is water quenched from 920°C. In this condition, fully martensitic microstructure provides excellent hardness of over 500 HB. The test material is referred to AR500 from now onwards. Laser heat treatment was carried out only on top surface of the AR500 sheet: the achieved maximum temperature in the cross-section varies as a function of the depth. Consequently, the microstructure and mechanical properties differ between the surfaces and the centre of the cross-section (layered microstructure). For better understanding, all layers were tested in tensile tests. For a wide heat treatment track, the laser beam was moved by scanning. Temperatures were measured using thermographic camera and thermocouples. Laser heat treated AR500 samples were tested in hardness tests and by air bending using a press brake machine. Microstructures were studied using a light microscope and FE-SEM/SEM-EBSD. At least three kind of microstructure layers were observed: 1) Dual-Phase ferritic/martensitic (T=AC1-AC3), 2) ferritic (T∼AC3) and 3) bainitic/martensitic (T>AC3). © 2011 American Institute of Physics.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1693)
Keywords: bending; Laser heat treatment; layered microstructure

Mechanical Propteries and bending behaviour of metal foils - Diehl, Alexander; Engel, Ulf; Geiger, Manfred (4M 2006, 2nd International Conference on Multi-Material Micro Manufacture, 20.-22.09.2006, Grenoble, France, 2006)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1323)

Mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy on deformation at moderate temperatures - Merklein, Marion; Hagenah, Hinnerk; Kaupper, Markus; Schaub, Adam (Key Engineering Materials, 2013)
Due to beneficial characteristics such as high specific strength, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility Ti-6Al-4V alloy has become the most important industrially produced titanium alloy during the last decades. Commonly used for aerospace technology and medical products, nowadays Ti-6Al-4V covers 50% of the worldwide produced titanium alloy parts. Different deformation operations as forging and casting as well as machining are used to shape titanium alloy components. For sheet metals, cost and time of fabrication can be reduced significantly via the near net shape technology sheet metal forming. Materials such as the α + β alloy Ti-6Al-4V with high yield stress and comparatively low elastic modules need to be formed at elevated temperatures to increase their formability. Numerical simulations are applied to calculate the forming behavior during the process and conclude the characteristics of the shaped part. Therefore in this paper the mechanical behavior of this titanium alloy is investigated by uniaxial tensile test within elevated temperatures ranging from 250 to 500 °C. Finally, the experimental results are adapted to models which predict the flow response in order to describe material behavior in finite element analysis of the forming process. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1875)
Keywords: Plastic deformation; Temperature effects; Tensile test; Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Mechanical Testing of Additive Manufactured Metal Parts - Merklein, Marion; Plettke, Raoul; Junker, Daniel; Schaub, Adam; Ahuja, Bhrigu (Key Engineering Materials, 2015)
The quality of additive manufactured parts depends, however, a lot on the workers experience to control porosity, layer linkage and surface roughness. To analyze the robustness of the Laser Beam Melting (LBM) process, a Round Robin test was made in which specimens from four institutes from different countries were tested and compared. For the tests, each institute built a set of specimens out of the stainless steel 1.4540. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of the process parameters on the mechanical properties. The results show that there is a high potential for additive manufacturing but also a lot of further research is necessary to optimize this technology.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2079)
Keywords: Additive manufacturing; Mechanical testing; Stainless steel

Mechanical Weld Zone Characterization for the Numerical Simulation of Forming Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Blanks - Gnibl, Tobias; Suttner, Sebastian; Merklein, Marion (AIP Conference Proceedings, 2013)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1942)

Mechanisms of residual stress generation in full-forward-extrusion - Landkammer, Philipp; Jobst, Andreas; Kiener, Christoph; Steinmann, Paul; Merklein, Marion (Production Engineering, 2019)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2366)

Medición in situ por ultrasonidos del área real contacto en el procedimiento de conformación del macizo - Geiger, Manfred; Engel, Ulf; Vollertsen, Frank (Alambre, 1993)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (393)

Mehr als ein Licht-Skalpell - Eßer, Gerd; Roth, Stephan (Zukunft im Brennpunkt, 2004)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1119)

Mehrkriterielle Optimierung komplexer Aktorsysteme für das Laserstrahljustieren - Plettke, Raoul (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2010)
Within this work the fundamentals for a computer assisted system for the design of complex actuator systems for laser beam adjustment were developed. The investigations focused on the development of algorithms and assessment criteria for a multi-objective optimization of these actuator systems by a genetic algorithm. The fast simulation by virtual thermal forces was researched for the assessment of the suitability of actuator systems for the adjustment task. The feasibility of such a system was demonstrated on an example desig

Mehrlagenbeschichtungen für den beanspruchungsgerechten Einsatz bei Kaltmassivumformwerkzeugen - Schrader, Tobias; Engel, Ulf; Geiger, Manfred; Merklein, Marion (Moderne Beschichtungen zum Verschleißschutz von Werkzeugen, 2012)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1845)

Mesoscopic Model - Advanced Simulation of Microforming Processes - Geiger, Manfred; Geißdörfer, Stefan (AIP Conference Proceedings, 2007)
Continued miniaturization in many fields of forming technology implies the need for a better understanding of the effects occurring while scaling down from conventional macroscopic scale to microscale. At microscale, the material can no longer be regarded as a homogeneous continuum because of the presence of only a few grains in the deformation zone. This leads to a change in the material behaviour resulting among others in a large scatter of forming results. A correlation between the integral flow stress of the workpiece and the scatter of the process factors on the one hand and the mean grain size and its standard deviation on the other hand has been observed in experiments. The conventional FE-simulation of scaled down processes is not able to consider the size-effects observed such as the actual reduction of the flow stress, the increasing scatter of the process factors and a local material flow being different to that obtained in the case of macroparts. For that reason, a new simulation model has been developed taking into account all the size-effects. The present paper deals with the theoretical background of the new mesoscopic model, its characteristics like synthetic grain structure generation and the calculation of micro material properties - based on conventional material properties. The verification of the simulation model is done by carrying out various experiments with different mean grain sizes and grain structures but the same geometrical dimensions of the workpiece. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1418)
Keywords: Microforming; Simulation; Simulation of process scatter; Synthetic grain structure

Mesoscopic Model - Simulation of Size Effects in Microforming - Geißdörfer, Stefan; Engel, Ulf (Proceedings of the 10th International Conference Metal Forming 2004 (19.-23.09.), 2004)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1085)

Mesoskopisches Modell zur Abbildung von Größeneffekten mit Methoden der FE-Simulation für die Klatmassivumformung - Geißdörfer, Stefan (Größeneinflüsse bei Fertigungsprozessen, Beiträge zum Abschlußkolloquium des DFG-SPP 1138, 2009)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1574)

Mesosopic Model - Simulative Approach to the Scatter of Process Factors in Microforming - Geißdörfer, Stefan; Engel, Ulf; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of the 1st Colloquium of DFG Priority Program Process Scaling, 2003)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (991)

Meßeinrichtung zur Untersuchung der Wirkflächenreibung bei umformtechnischen Prozessen - Niederkorn, Sorin (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1998)
When metal materials are formed, the friction phenomena influence the material flow, the surface quality of the manufactured parts and the wear on the tools. While most FEM programs already provide the necessary routines for the location-dependent description of the friction, the methods and measuring equipment for experimentally determining the required input data are still missing on the experimental side. The development and testing of a measuring device for examining the processes in the active joint between the tool and the workpiece, summarized under the term active surface friction, was the task and subject of this research work. The heart of the measuring device is a newly developed compression test. It allows the investigation of all influencing factors that determine the friction behavior even in more complex processes: the true contact surface, the normal stress, the relative displacement between workpiece and tool and the surface enlargement. The normal stress and the glide path can be set independently of each other. An ultrasonic measuring method was developed for in situ measurement of the true contact area. It can be used for the examination of all material pairings that occur in metal forming technology and enables a high lateral resolution due to the strong focus of the sound beam. However, the application of lubricants is limited to liquid lubricant

Messtechnik in der Umformtechnik - die Ergebnisse des Ringversuches der Umformer im Rahmen des SPP 1138 - Meyer, L.W.; Herzig, N.; van Putten, K.; Hirt, G.; Justinger, H.; Korthäuer, M.; Henning, M.; Braun, J.; Hundertmark, A.; Geißdörfer, Stefan (Proceedings of the 2nd Colloquium of DFG Priority Program Process Scaling, 2005)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1240)

Meßtechnische Erfassung der Wirkflächenvorgänge in der Umformtechnik. - Geiger, Manfred; Engel, Ulf; Niederkorn, Sorin; Pfestorf, Markus (Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik, 1996)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (641)

Meßvorschrift zur Bestimmung funktionaler 3D-Oberflächenkenngrößen für die Blechumformung - Neudecker, Thomas; Popp, Uwe; Schiffer, Reiner; Engel, Ulf (Idee-Vision-Innovation, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (833)

Meßvorschrift zur Bestimmung funktionaler 3D-Oberflächenkenngrößen für die Blechumformung, Tei 1 - Neudecker, Thomas; Popp, Uwe; Schiffer, Reiner; Engel, Ulf (UTF-Science, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (834)

Meßvorschrift zur Bestimmung funktionaler 3D-Oberflächenkenngrößen für die Blechumformung, Teil 2 - Neudecker, Thomas; Popp, Uwe; Schiffer, Reiner; Engel, Ulf (UTF-Science, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (835)

Mesure in situ, par les ultrasons, de la surface de contact réelle dans les procédés der formage massif - Geiger, Manfred; Engel, Ulf; Vollertsen, Frank (Le tréfilé, 1993)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (394)

Metal forming ensures innovation and future in Europe - Geiger, Manfred; Merklein, Marion; Tolazzi, Massimo (Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on TEchnology of Plasticity (ICTP), 2005)
The role of the European Union in the field of research funding is becoming more and more important for the strategic choices of the single countries of the Old Continent. The new framework programs receive increased investments and at the same time give precise the-matic areas for the possible application of research proposal. However it can be surprisingly observed that topics concerning metal forming technology have strongly lost consideration in the 6th Framework Program. Metal forming remains in fact a key technology, being es-sential for almost all the manufacturing processes and fundament of the most important aspects of our society: mobility, health, communication. The extraordinary developments of the Industrial Society in the 20th Century showed the importance and potential of a scien-tifically driven technology development, in which an idea can become an invention, be ap-plied and completely change the world in few decades. If we want to ensure our future we cannot give up innovation and research, especially in metal forming; on the contrary we should properly fund them at a public level. There are in fact many promising innovations in metal forming, which are emerging in these years and will be presented in this paper, which may become key technologies for the manufacturing of tomorrow.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (1219)
Keywords: Funding; Innovation; Metal forming; Research

Metal Forming of Microparts for Electronics - Geiger, Manfred; Engel, Ulf; Vollertsen, Frank; Kals, Roland; Meßner, A. (Production Engineering, 1994)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (468)

Metal forming progress since 2000 - Jeswiet, J.; Geiger, Manfred; Engel, Ulf; Kleiner, M.; Schikorra, M.; Duflou, J.; Neugebauer, R.; Bariani, P.; Bruschi, S. (CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2008)
Considerable changes have occurred in metal forming in the last decade. A record of these changes can be found in keynote papers presented by the members of the Scientific Technical Committee-Forming, at the CIRP Annual General Meeting each year. The keynote papers are excellent references on important developments in metal forming and are used as a reference, globally. Not only is this paper a compendium of most of the keynotes presented, but from 2001 onward, it has updates on new information on five keynote subject areas. The authors of each keynote have written an update with new information that has developed since the writing of the keynote. The authors of each section are shown in order of presentation. © 2008.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1534)
Keywords: Metal forming

Metallographic analysis of failure mechanisms during Nakajima tests for the evaluation of forming limits on a dual-phase steel - Affronti, Emanuela; Weidinger, Mario; Merklein, Marion (IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018)
The material characterization is the first step for an accurate numerical design of forming operations. Since its first definition in the 1960s, the forming limit curve (FLC), usually evaluated with Nakajima or Marciniak tests, is still one of the most used criteria in the industrial and scientific field for the determination of the forming limits under different stress conditions. Despite the several signs of progress in terms of measurement techniques, thanks to the introduction of optical measurement systems, the European standard method for the evaluation of the FLC remains the cross-section-method of 2008. This method is basically suitable for materials with a pronounced necking evolution. For materials with an abrupt localization, like modern high-strength materials, the standard evaluation shows weaknesses. Investigations in 2015 based on pattern recognition on Nakajima tests show that the pattern evolution of the strain distribution during the test can be used for the prediction of the material failure. However, a definition of the pattern development is needed. In order to investigate new possibilities for the determination of the FLC, the knowledge about the failure mechanisms during Nakajima tests for these materials has to be increased. The aim of the present work is an analysis of the changes on the surface and the microstructure during the Nakajima tests at different stress states and drawing depths. The correlation between material modifications and failure behavior is conducted on the dual-phase steel DP800. For the analysis of the surface and the thickness, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is employed. Moreover, considerations about the forming mechanisms of the DP800 at different stress conditions are given and compared with the forming limit prediction of the FLC.
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (2326)

Metallographic Analysis of Nakajima Tests for the Evaluation of the Failure Developments - Affronti, Emanuela; Merklein, Marion (Procedia Engineering, 2017)
The material characterisation in sheet metal forming is significantly improved with the introduction of optical measurement systems. The optical measurement is based on the digital image correlation (DIC) technique, which provides accurate strain measurement of the local strain distribution on specimens. The changes of the stochastic distribution due to the forming are therefore used in order to measure displacements and deformations. An acknowledged application of the DIC technique is the evaluation of the forming limit curve (FLC) for sheet metals. Typically, the FLC is evaluated by conducting Nakajima tests. The Nakajima test is a stretch forming-based test and allows the analysis of stretching at different stress conditions. A previous investigation based on pattern recognition on Nakajima tests has shown that for a conventional deep drawing steel DC04 the pattern evolution on the strain distribution during the test can be examined in order to predict the material failure. However, even if the investigation shows promising results, the correspondence between pattern on the surface and changes in the material structure is missing. The aim of the present work is an analysis of the surface structure of Nakajima tests at different stress states and drawing depths. The correlation between surface modifications and failure behaviour is conducted on the deep drawing steel DC04. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Merlin Zeiss GmbH) is employed in order to investigate the evolution of the surface at different strain conditions. The results of the surface and the metallographic investigation are finally compared with the forming limit prediction of the FLC and the failure behaviour at different stress conditions is discussed.
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (2227)
Keywords: forming limit; metal forming; metallography

Metallschaumverbundstrukturen - Prozesstechnologie und werkstoffmechanische Analyse - Ströhla, Stefan; Winter, Werner; Kuhn, Günther; Brunnbauer, Mathias; Hirschmann, Markus; Körner, Carolin; Singer, Robert; Dörfler, Stephan Manuel; Otto, Andreas (Robuste verkürzte Prozessketten für flächige Leichtbauteile, Industriekolloquium 2003 des SFB 396, 2003)
UnivIS-Import:2015-04-16:Pub.2003.tech.FT.FT-TM.metall

Metallurgical Short-Term Effects in Laser Forming of Alluminium Alloys - Merklein, Marion; Geiger, Manfred (Proceedings of the 3rd ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming, 2000)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (790)

Methoden für ein Assistenzsystem zum Entwurf komplexer Aktorgeometrien für das Laserstrahljustieren in der Mikrotechnik - Menzel, Thomas; Wurm, Thomas; Müller, Burkhard (Idee-Vision-Innovation, Festschrift anläßlich des 60. Geburtstages von Professor Manfred Geiger, 2001)
LFT Import::2019-07-15 (896)

Methodengestützte Referenzvorgehensweise für neue Umformverfahren - Weckenmann, Albert; Reithmeier, Eduard; Merklein, Marion; Behrens, B.-A.; Wartzack, Sandro; Kästner, M.; Akkasoglu, Gökhan; Ohrt, Christoph; Schneider, Thomas; Salfeld, V.; et al. (Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, 2012)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1782)

Methoden zur technologieorientierten Programmierung für die 3D-Lasermikrobearbeitung - Pursche, Lars (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2002)
The advantages of three-dimensional Laser Micro Processing are only accessible through computer aided planning of the manufacturing steps. Therefore, methods have been developed which reduce the planning time and increase the flexibility of the manufacturing and thus allow a greater workpiece variet

Methode zur Auswahl eines alternativen Blechwerkstoffes für flexibel gewalzte und direkt warmumgeformte Karosseriestrukturbauteile - Göddeke, Benedikt (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2024)
Der stetig fortschreitende Klimawandel hat insbesondere in den beiden letzten Dekaden das Bewusstsein der Menschheit geschärft, ihre ökologische Verantwortung durch eine nachhaltige Klimapolitik und daraus entstehenden Regulierungen wahrzunehmen. In diesem Zusammenhang hat sich zur Fahrzeuggewichtsreduzierung die Technologie der Warmumformung etabliert. Eine Ausführungsart des Presshärtens umfasst die Verwendung der weltweit verfügbaren flexibel gewalzten Tailor Rolled Blanks (TRB®) Formschnittplatinen, zur Erzeugung von ultrahochfesten Strukturbauteilen aus Stahl. Aktuelle Entwicklungsaktivitäten im Themengebiet der Warmumformung beinhalten das Ziel, die Verbesserung der Bauteileigenschaften und die Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit des Warmumformungsprozesses zu erreichen, dazu werden Werkstoffalternativen zum 22MnB5 untersucht. Eine Beschreibung und einen Leitfaden zur Vorgehensweise bei der Auswahl dieser benötigten Werkstoffalternativen fehlt jedoch zumeist in den Veröffentlichungen der jeweiligen Autoren. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Arbeit eine Methode erarbeitet, welche eine effiziente Auswahl und Charakterisierung eines alternativen Werkstoffsystems ermöglicht. Als wesentlicher Schritt wurde dazu die Berechnung einer Bewertungsgrenzkurve eingeführt. Die Berechnung dieser Grenzkurve ermöglicht für kontinuierliche Abkühlraten den Vergleich der Werkstoffanforderungen mit bereits vorhandenen oder mittels Simulationssoftware kalkulierten ZTU-Schaubilde

Methodik zur Analyse und Charakterisierung von Biegeprozessen - Merklein, Marion; Kaupper, Markus (Zukunftstechnologien in Bayern - Neue Materialien, Verfahren und Produkte, 2008)
LFT Import::2019-07-29 (1811)

Methodik zur Parameteridentifikation des kinematischen Verfestigungsmodells nach Chaboche und Rousselier - Suttner, Sebastian; Rosenschon, Martin; Merklein, Marion (Tagungsband Werkstoffprüfung, 2014)
LFT Import::2019-08-05 (2061)

Methodik zur virtuellen Absicherung der formgebenden Operation des Nasspressprozesses von Gelege-Mehrschichtverbunden - Senner, Thomas (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2016)
The manufacturing process of carbon fibre reinforced plastic parts may lead to wrinkles and fibre waviness in the final part. These imperfections in the fibre orientation can result in parts that do not fulfill their functional requirements. In this book, a methodology is presented which enables predicting wrinkles. Thus, the methodology allows a virtual design of the manufacturing process in an industrial environment. An essential part of this approach is a modelling which improves the predictive quality regarding wrinkles compared to the state of the art. Furthermore, an analysis and a model of an innovative restraining system is described that is capable to prevent the formation of wrinkles. Finally, two experimental methods are presented which allow characterising the fibre orientation in the intermediate plies of multi-layer composite

Methodology for detecting laser parameter sets for reduced hot crack propensity using finite element simulation - Komlodi, Attila; Otto, Andreas (Welding in the World, 2006)
LFT Import::2019-07-16 (1292)
Keywords: Aluminium alloys; Computation; Cracking; Defects; Finite element analysis; Hot cracking; Laser welding; Light metals; Measurement; Photon beam welding; Practical investigations; Process conditions; Process parameters; Radiation welding; Ultrasonic testing