Efficient Firmware Implementation of a Multichannel Scanning Receiver for Surveillance Applications - Langmann, Frank; Mzyk, Raphael; Dehm-Andone, Gunther; Trautwein, Uwe; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert (IEEE International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing 2012, 2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,hausknecht2012a
Keywords: Scanning; Surveillance; Receiver; Firmware; Digital; Multichannel

Efficient modeling of microacoustic structures in terms of electromagnetic field concepts - Weigel, Robert (International Conferenence on Intelligent Systems Applications (ISAP), 1996)
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel1996c

Efficient radar front-end implementation in LTCC multilayer cavity technology - Talai, Armin; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Workshop on Recent Progresses in mmW Multilayer Circuit and System Design and Packaging (MCM/SoP), 2017)
Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) is a high-frequency material type that is suitable for multilayer structures and applications. Since its relative permittivity is usually in the region of 6 to 10, microwave structures can be designed in a space-saving way. The implementation of patch-antennas on LTCC, such as radar antennas at 77 GHz, require a lower permittivity in order to achieve a desirable efficiency and focusing capability. Therefore, this presentation will focus on a novel method of using the multilayer capabilities of LTCC in order to decrease the local permittivity below the antennas. Before sintering, carbon inserts are embedded on inner layers below the antennas by using an Nd:YAG laser. It will be demonstrated that these inserts are burned out completely during sintering and the cavity remains. The process requires an adaption of the sintering profile in order to reduce the sinking of the substrate in the middle of the cavity. Within this presentation, the achievable improvements on antenna beams will be presented by comparative simulation results of 77 GHz antennas with and without the embedded cavity. Furthermore, presented measurement results will verify the effects of the cavit
Keywords: Multilayer; Cavity; LTCC; Antenna

Efficient receivers for GSM MUROS downlink transmission - Meyer, Raimund; Gerstacker, Wolfgang; Obernosterer, Frank; Ruder, Michael; Schober, Robert (2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2010)
Currently, Multiple Users Reusing One Slot (MUROS) is discussed in 3GPP GERAN as an extension of the GSM standard. In MUROS, two overlaid GMSK signals are transmitted in the same time slot and at the same frequency resource. By this, capacity of existing GSM networks in principle can be doubled and up to four half rate voice users can share one time slot. In this paper, channel estimation and detection is investigated for the MUROS downlink. Two novel channel estimation algorithms are presented, taking into account the specifics of the MUROS downlink. For detection, a joint MLSE of both user signals can be applied in case of noise limited scenarios. For interference limited environments, it turns out that approaches based on the mono interference cancellation (MIC) algorithm for single antenna interference cancellation (SAIC) are more favorable. It is shown that the standard MIC algorithm performs sufficiently well and could be used for a fast introduction of MUROS in existing GSM networks. For enhanced performance, a novel algorithm based on MIC along with successive interference cancellation is proposed. The presented results demonstrate that an even better performance as the GSM reference performance before introduction of SAIC can be obtained for MUROS if well-designed receivers are use

Efficient Simulation of Macroscopic Molecular Communication: The Pogona Simulator - Drees, Jan Peter; Stratmann, Lukas; Bronner, Fabian; Bartunik, Max; Kirchner, Jens; Unterweger, Harald; Dressler, Falko (Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Nanoscale Computing and Communication, 2020)
Molecular communication (MC) in pipe networks is a novel technique for wireless data exchange. Simulating such networks accurately is difficult because of the complexity of fluid dynamics at centimeter scales, which existing MC simulators do not model. The new simulator we present combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and particle movement predictions. It is optimized to be computationally efficient while offering a high degree of adaptability to complex fluid flows in larger pipe networks. We validate it by comparing the simulation with experimental results obtained in a real-world testbed.<br
Keywords: molecular communication; particle movement; simulation tools; computational fluid dynamics

Efficient TLM Modelling and Characterization of Multiport Microstrip Elements - Bender, Harald; Hausner, Josef; Isele, Bertram; Russer, Peter; Weigel, Robert (Proc. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, 1991)
elib2cris::1512001600,bender1991a

Efficient Ultra-High Speed Communication with Simultaneous Phase and Amplitude Regenerative Sampling (SPARS) - Carlowitz, Christian; Girg, Thomas; Ghaleb, Hatem; Du, Xuan-Quang (Frequenz, 2017)
For ultra-high speed communication systems at high center frequencies above 100 GHz, we propose a disruptive change in system architecture to address major issues regarding amplifier chains with a large number of amplifier stages. They cause a high noise figure and high power consumption when operating close to the frequency limits of the underlying semiconductor technologies. Instead of scaling a classic homodyne transceiver system, we employ repeated amplification in single-stage amplifiers through positive feedback as well as synthesizer-free self-mixing demodulation at the receiver to simplify the system architecture notably. Since the amplitude and phase information for the emerging oscillation is defined by the input signal and the oscillator is only turned on for a very short time, it can be left unstabilized and thus come without a PLL. As soon as gain is no longer the most prominent issue, relaxed requirements for all the other major components allow reconsidering their implementation concepts to achieve further improvements compared to classic systems. This paper provides the first comprehensive overview of all major design aspects that need to be addressed upon realizing a SPARS-based transceiver. At system level, we show how to achieve high data rates and a noise performance comparable to classic systems, backed by scaled demonstrator experiments. Regarding the transmitter, design considerations for efficient quadrature modulation are discussed. For the frontend components that replace PA and LNA amplifier chains, implementation techniques for regenerative sampling circuits based on super-regenerative oscillators are presented. Finally, an analog-to-digital converter with outstanding performance and complete interfaces both to the analog baseband as well as to the digital side completes the set of building blocks for efficient ultra-high speed communicatio
Keywords: front-end circuits and systems; wireless RF components and systems; high-data-rate communications; superregenerative receivers

Effiziente Beleuchtung mit LED - Werner, Daniel; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva (Effiziente Beleuchtung mit LED, 2013)

Effiziente Beleuchtung mittels LED: Einblicke in Technik, Planung und Entwicklung - Werner, Daniel; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva (9. Herforder Bauform OWL, 2013)

Effiziente HF Leisungsverstaerker mit geschalteten Transistoren - Kamper, Michael (Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication Workshop - Entwicklerforum - Fachmesse, 2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,kamper2012

Effiziente Methoden zur netzwerkbasierten Modellbeschreibung für die EMV-Simulation im Automobilbereich - Frank, Florian (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2008)

Effiziente Spurious Modes-Unterdrueckung fuer Anregungen in symmetrisch kondensierten TLM-Knoten - Lindenmeier, Stefan; Isele, Bertram; Weigel, Robert; Russer, Peter (Kleinheubacher Tagung, 1995)
elib2cris::1512001600,lindenmeier1995a

Effizienzsteigernde Verfahren für den produktionsbegleitenden Test von MEMS-Mikrofonen - Oesterle, Florian (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2015)

Ein Antennenkonzept mit dielektrischer Linse für den Einsatz in hochauflösenden Kfz-Weitbereichsradarsensoren - Wenig, Peter (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)

Ein digitales Abgleichverfahren fuer SAR Analog-Digital-Umsetzer - Bialek, Jan; Ohnhäuser, Frank; Wickmann, Andreas; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert (Kleinheubacher Tagung, 2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,bialek2012

Eine adaptive Methode zur Unterdrückung von Local Oscillator Leakage bei Breitband-Homodyn-Modulatoren - Lanschützer, Christian; Springer, Andreas; Maurer, Linus; Boos, Zdravko; Weigel, Robert (Austrochip, 2002)
elib2cris::1512001600,lanschuetzer2002

Eine Aktor-Orientierte Methodik zur Power-Modellierung auf Systemebene - Rosales, Rafael; Klie, Torsten; Glock, Stefan; Xu, Yang; Wang, Bo; Hasholzner, Ralph; Teich, Jürgen; Weigel, Robert (Design & Elektronik, 2012)

Eine effiziente Methode für den Linearitätstest von Analog-Digital-Umsetzern - Rantisi, Mohamed (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2016)

Eine erweiterte Millimeterwellen FMCW-Radar Systemsimulationsumgebung fuer den Einsatz im Automobilbereich - Dudek, Manuel; Kissinger, Dietmar; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg (ANALOG'11 Fachtagung Entwicklung von Analogschaltungen mit CAE-Methoden, 2011)
In diesem Artikel stellen wir eine Simulationsumgebung fuer Millimeterwellen FMCW-Radare fuer den Einsatz im Automobilbereich vor, die einen 3D-Kanalsimulator beinhaltet. Dafuer nutzen wir Agilent's RF Entwicklungsumgebung ADS(R) fuer die Systemsimulation und berechnen die Impulsantwort des Kanals, basierend auf den Daten die von einem 3D-Raytracer generiert werden, in einer Matlab(R) Cosimulation. Um die Rechenzeit zu reduzieren findet der gesamte Signalfluss im komplexen Basisband statt und aufwaendige Polygonmodelle werden durch ihre Streuzentrenmodelle als weitere Verbesserung substituiert. Alle Effekte in den Harmonischen Zonen, die auf Grund von Nichtlinearitaeten im Sende- oder Empfangsmodul auftreten, werden in der Simulation korrekt wiedergegeben. Um die Leistungsfähigkeit des Simulationsansatzes, was Geschwindigkeit und Genauigkeit anbelangt, zu evaluieren, wird ein typisches Verkehrsszenario simuliert.
elib2cris::1512001600,dudek2011d

Ein Empfangssystem für den Satellitenrundfunk mit Adaption der Richtcharakteristik und der Polarisation - Fischer, Georg (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1997)
Keywords: ASTRA; EUTELSAT; Satellitentechnik; Adaptive Array; SIMO; Phaseshifter; Satellite TV

Eine RFID-basierte Roboternavigationslösung - Löffler, Andreas; Lurz, Fabian (Virtuelle Instrumente in der Praxis: Begleitband zum Kongress VIP 2010, 2010)
UnivIS-Import:2015-04-20:Pub.2010.tech.IE.komele.einerf

Einfluss der Ic-Pin-Impedanz auf die Ergebnisse der leitungsgefuehrten Stoerfestigkeit integrierter Schaltungen - Frick, Marco; Eidher, R.; Weigel, Robert (Internationale Fachmess und Kongress fuer Elektromagnetische Vertraeglichkeit, 2012)
Die Qualifizierung integrierter Schaltungen (IC) bezüglich ihrer elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit (EMV) rückt auf Grund steigender Komplexität der Elektronikkomponenten im Automobilbereich immer mehr in den Vordergrund. Zur Durchführung dieser Tests werden die ICs samt ihrer Applikationsbeschaltung und der benötigten HF Ein- und Auskoppelnetzwerke auf eigens für diesen Zweck entwickelte Testleiterplatten aufgebracht. Auf Basis der so ermittelten Ergebnisse können bereits zu einem frühen Entwicklungszeitpunkt Aussagen über das EMV Verhalten des Halbleiters getroffen werden. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie sich der Einfluss der meist unbekannten Pin-Impedanz des IC im Zusammenspiel mit der EMV Prüfleiterplatte auf die Messergebnisse der leitungsgeführten Störaussendung des Halbleiters auswirkt. Zum Einsatz kommen ein Streuparameter De-embedding Verfahren und eine Sensitivitätsanalyse basierend auf der Methode des faktoriellen Designs.
elib2cris::1512001600,frick2012

Einflüsse des Filterentwurfs auf die Empfangsqualität breitbandiger Funküberwachungsempfänger - Dehm-Andone, Gunther (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2014)

Einflussgrößen und Vorhersagbarkeit der elektromagnetischen Störaussendung von Gleichstrommotoren - Spratler, Christian (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012)

Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Lichtspektren auf das Verhalten von Milchvieh - Greif, Maike; Werner, Daniel; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva; Reiter, Klaus (49. Internationale Tagung Angewandte Ethologie, 2017)

Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Lichtspektren, Lichtlängen und Beleuchtungsstärken auf das Verhalten von Milchkühen - Bernhart, Kristin; Werner, Daniel; Greif, Maike; Eßelmann, Christian; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva; Reiter, Klaus (50. internationalen Tagung Angewandte Ethologie, 2018)

Ein hochpräzises funkbasiertes Ortungssystem für Augmented Reality-Anwendungen - Meier, Christian (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2008)

Ein integrierter SiGe Bipolar VCO mit linearisierter Abstimmkennlinie und großem Abstimmbereich für UWB FMCW Nahbereichsortung - Maser, Matthias; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert; Ußmüller, Thomas (Analog 2013, 2013)
Dieser Artikel beschreibt einen integrierten, spannungsgesteuerten Oszillator (engl.: voltage controlled oscillator, VCO) mit linearisierter Abstimmkennlinie für Ultrabreitbandnahbereichsortungsradaranwendungen. Der VCO ist LC-Resonator basiert. Um einen ultrabreiten, kontinuierlichen Frequenzabstimmbereich (engl.: frequency tuning range, FTR) zu erzielen, verwendet der VCO eine Negativinduktivität-Zelle (engl.: negative inductance cell, NIZelle) in Verbindung mit einem differentiellen pn-Varaktor. Durch die Kopplung der beiden Abstimmmechanismen wird eine konstantere Abstimmsensitivität (KVCO) erreicht. Der vorgestellte VCO weist einen gemessenen FTR von fmin = 3,365GHz bis fmax = 7,677GHz auf. Die Abstimmkennlinie ist in einem kontinuierlichen Frequenzbereich von 2,1GHz linearisiert, was einem relativen FTR von 34% entspricht. Die gemessene KVCO-Abweichung beträgt nur +/-10% um KVCO = 775 MHz/V.
elib2cris::1512001600,maser2013
Keywords: UWB; Local Positioning; VCO; Tuning Linearization

Ein Inverter-basierter zeitkontinuierlicher Sigma-Delta-ADC mit 20MS/s und 11Bit ENOB in 65nm CMOS - Zeller, Christian; Muenker, Christian; Weigel, Robert (Workshop Analogschaltungen, 2014)
elib2cris::1512001600,zeller2014a

Ein Kfz-Radarsensor als Kollisionsfrühwarnsystem - Troescher, Matthias; Weigel, Robert (Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, 2001)
elib2cris::1512001600,troescher2001
Keywords: KFZ; Radar; Kollisionsfrühwarnsystem

Ein Licht geht auf! Bedeutung und Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten von Beleuchtung im Stall - Werner, Daniel; Müller, Maike; Reiter, Klaus; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva (11. Internationale Bioland Schaf- und Ziegentagung, 2016)

Ein neuartiger Breitbandkoppler realisiert mit dem HTS-Film YBaCuO bei 10 GHz - Bechteler, Thomas; Mayer, Bernd; Weigel, Robert (MIOP 1997 Conference Proceedings, 1997)
elib2cris::1512001600,bechteler1997

Ein OFW basiertes Übertragungsverfahren für Anwendungen in drahtlosen lokalen Netzen - Springer, Andreas; Huemer, Mario; Gugler, Wolfgang; Weigel, Robert; Reindl, Leonhard; Ruppel, Clemens; Pohl, Alfred; Seifert, Franz (ITG Fachtagung Wellenausbreitung bei Funksystemen und Mikrowellensystemen, 1998)
elib2cris::1512001600,springer1998b

Ein paralleles Verfahren zum Volumentest von kapazitiven MEMS Sensoren - Oesterle, Florian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (26. ITG/GI/GMM-Workshop: Testmethoden und Zuverlässigkeit von Schaltungen und Systemen (TuZ), 2014)
elib2cris::1512001600,oesterle2014
Keywords: MEMS; Parallel Testing; Mechanical Sensitivity; Pull-In; Microphone; Tomographic Reconstruction

Einträgerübertragung mit Frequenzbereichsentzerrung – Erweiterung für Mehrantennensysteme, Sychronisationskonzepte und experimentelle Verifikation - Reinhardt, Steffen (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2007)

Ein zeitkontinuierlicher Sigma-Delta-Wandler neunter Ordnung mit neuartigen kreuzgekoppelten Resonatoren - Zeller, Sebastian; Münker, Christian; Weigel, Robert (ANALOG'11 Fachtagung Entwicklung von Analogschaltungen mit CAE-Methoden, 2011)
Zeitkontinuierliche Σ-Δ-A/D-Wandler werden gewoehnlich mit Noise Transfer Functions (NTF) entworfen, die konjugiert komplexe Nullstellen beinhalten, um die nutzbare Bandbreite zu erhoehen. Traditionell werden diese Nullstellen durch Resonanzen erzeugt, die durch Rückkopplung über zwei integrierende Operationsverstärker (OPV) hervorgerufen werden. Anstelle dieser Anordnung schlagen wir einen differenziellen Ein-OPV Resonator mit kreuzgekoppelter Rueckkopplung vor, um die Anzahl der OPVs zu reduzieren. Diese Loesung ist kompakter, stromsparender, robuster und linearer als bisherige Twin-T basierte Ein-OPV Resonatoren. Das Konzept wurde anhand eines zeitkontinuierlichen Σ-Δ-ADCs neunter Ordnung in 0,35 µm CMOS experimentell ueberprüft. Dank des neuartigen Resonators und eines neuartigen kompakten und stromsparenden Summationsverstaerkers fuer das Feed-Forward Kompensationsnetzwerk konnte dieser Modulator mit nur fuenf statt der sonst üblichen zehn OPVs implementiert werden.
elib2cris::1512001600,zeller2011b

EKG-Messung mittels passiver kapazitiv gekoppelter Elektroden - Meyer, Andreas; Kirchner, Jens; Fischer, Georg (Analogworkshop 2016, 2016)
Hintergrund Kapazitiv gekoppelte Elektroden zur EKG-Erfassung erschließen seit einigen Jahren Anwendungsgebiete jenseits der klinischen Routine: Während dort zumeist galvanisch gekoppelte, insbesondere Nasselektroden zum Einsatz kommen, die direkten Hautkontakt erfordern und wegen des austrocknenden Elektrolytgels nur für kurze Messungen geeignet sind, erlauben kapazitive Elektroden Langzeit-Messungen und die Integration in Alltagsgegenstände wie Kleidung, Autositze oder Betten. Stand der Technik ist dabei eine aktive Ausführung, bei der direkt an der Elektrode das anliegende Signal verstärkt wird, bevor es in einem Differenzverstärker mit dem Signal einer zweiten Elektrode zusammengeführt wird. Allerdings führen in diesem Ansatz die Toleranzen der verwendeten aktiven Bauelemente zu asymmetrischem Übertragungsverhalten in den beiden Kanälen, sodass die Gleichtaktunterdrückung wesentlich beeinträchtigt wird. Um diesem Problem entgegenzuwirken und den Gleichlauf der Pfade von Elektrode bis Differenzverstärker zu verbessern, wurde ein EKG-System mit rein passiven Kanälen entwickelt. Methoden Für die Aufnahme der Messsignale wurden möglichst großflächige Elektroden mit jeweils 20cm2 Fläche verwendet. Da zwischen Elektrode und Differenzverstärker auf eine Verstärkung der Einzelsignale verzichtet wurde, ist auf dieser Strecke eine möglichst verlust- und störungsfreie Übertragung entscheidend. Hierfür wurde die jeweilige Leitung mit einer Ummantelung versehen, die auf demselben Potential wie die zugehörige Elektrode gehalten wird. Hierdurch werden äußere Störeinflüsse aktiv abgeschirmt, gleichzeitig werden durch den Bootstrap effektiv keine durch die Elektroden und die Signalleitungen hervorgerufenen parasitischen Eingangskapazitäten wirksam. Ferner wurde ein Differenzverstärker mit möglichst geringer Eingangskapazität und hoher CMRR gewählt. Um die Gleichtaktunterdrückung im Gesamtsystem zusätzlich zu erhöhen, wurde eine Bezugspotentialsteuerung eingesetzt. Hierbei wird die Common-Mode-Störung über eine dritte Elektrode invertiert und verstärkt in den Körper des Patienten zurückgespeist (sog. "driven right leg circuit"). Schließlich wurde eine Baseline-Drift, hervorgerufen durch Ladungsansammlungen an den Elektroden, mittels langsamem Feedback korrigiert, indem Gleichspannungsanteile am Ausgang des Instrumentenverstärkers als Referenzspannung an diesen zurückgegeben werden. Ergebnisse Mit den beschriebenen Maßnahmen wurde ein stabiles EKG-Signal erhalten, das in der ersten Verstärkerstufe um einen Faktor 100, in der zweiten um einen Faktor 2000 verstärkt werden konnte. Exemplarische Messungen durch ein Baumwoll-T-Shirt hindurch zeigten in jedem Herzzyklus des aufgenommenen EKGs deutlich den QRS-Komplex, der sich zur Detektion von Arrhythmien eignet, sowie die T-Welle. Die P-Welle war vereinzelt zu erkennen. Vergleichbare Ergebnisse wurden bei Messungen durch Papier und Plastikfolie hindurch erzielt. Fazit Das entwickelte System ermöglicht die kontaktlose Messung der elektrischen Herzaktivität durch verschiedene Materialien hindurch und erzielte dabei rausch- und interferenzärmere Ergebnisse als vergleichbare Systeme mit kapazitiv gekoppelten Elektroden in aktiver Ausführung. Das System eignet sich damit für diverse Anwendungsbereiche, beispielsweise für den Einsatz auf einem Rückenpflaster oder zur Integration in Kleidung.
elib2cris::1512001600,meyer2016
Keywords: ECG; capacitatively coupled electrode

Electrical Fiber Optical Sensor for High-Voltage Applications - Richter, Markus; Kölpin, Alexander; Bosselman, Thomas; Weigel, Robert (Proceedings SENSOR 2015, 2015)
Controlling the energy transfer in high voltage grids implies using sophisticated instrumentation, which has to ensure effective insulation for 150kV to 800kV. Several solutions were previously proposed to facilitate power supply for instrumentation operating at this potential. Most of them exploit the energy dissipated by alternating current grids, which is not possible for the recently emerging direct current grids. There, no alternating electric or alternating magnetic fields are available such that power supply by fiber optical power transmission is a commonly chosen solution. However, most of these systems involve high power laser diodes that lead to a considerable amount of problems and risks. In this paper, an electrical circuit design is proposed that reduces the amount of required energy such that alternative optical power sources can be used. It has been shown that an electrical circuit can measure a temperature and transmit the results, while it is supplied with less than 180μW of power through the fiber used for data transmission. The energy necessary for measurement and transmission of a single temperature value could be reduced to 15μJ. A combination of selected components, energy saving optimized design and programming was used to cut down the energy demands such that light emitting diodes coupled to a standard multi mode fiber are sufficient for power supply.
elib2cris::1512001600,richter2015

Electromagnetic Analysis and CAD Modelling of an RF-ID System - Vinci, Gabor; Sona, Alessandro (International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO 2008), 2008)
Radio Frequency Identification (RF-ID) is a key technology in today’s logistics and industrial scenarios, used for labelling and tagging items in warehouses and industrial production. In order to avoid unexpected faulty behaviours, some working conditions and setup parameters of RF-ID systems need to be carefully checked. To this aim, both measurements and numerical simulations can advantageously be performed. In this paper, some key working conditions are described and analyzed in terms of coupling between the reader device and RF-ID tags. In particular, the reading range in space of a standard inductive coupling 13.56 MHz RF-ID system is analyzed by using numerical simulations of scattering parameters and computer aided design (CAD) modelling. The purpose is to present an example suggesting how to efficiently perform such a kind of analysis in order to verify the effectiveness of a RF-ID system setup.
elib2cris::1512001600,vinci2008

Electromagnetic analysis of conductor track surface roughnesses from 1 GHz to 110 GHz - Talai, Armin; Gmeiner, Björn; Wegener, Carsten Moritz; Roosen, Andreas; Kölpin, Alexander; Steinhäußer, Frank; Deisinger, Ulrike; Bittner, Achim; Schmid, Ulrich; Weigel, Robert (Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), 2014 International Conference on, 2014)
Conductor tracks comprise a frequency dependent attenuation of electromagnetic waves, since with increasing frequency the current flow is displaced to the near surface region due to the skin effect. Therefore, the effective length of the conductor is increased by the surface roughness, while its effective cross-section is decreased by current displacement, both leading to higher metallization loss. In this paper, surface topographies of typical conductor materials were recorded by confocal microscopy and rebuilt as 3D CAD models. Subsequent electromagnetic simulations reveal the influence due to roughness on high frequency characteristics for physical vapor deposited, thick film and photochemically etched microstrips.
UnivIS-Import:2015-04-17:Pub.2014.tech.IMMD.lsinfs.electr

Electromagnetic Analysis of Fringed Microstrip Lines on Dense and Porosified LTCC - Talai, Armin; Gmeiner, Björn; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Computer Simulation Technology - European User Conference, 2014)
The shapes of microstrip line edges comprise a large influence on various microwave circuitry characteristics. Therefore, the edges of thick film gold conductor tracks have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and rebuilt in 3D according to the measured fringing dimensions of co-fired and post-fired conductor tracks on Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC). Subsequent time-domain field simulations with CST from 0 GHz to 110 GHz reveal the influence of fringed conductor edges on metallization loss, scattering parameters and the effective permittivity, which will be presented. Simulations of fringed Microstrips on porosified LTCC are compared to the dense case. It is shown that fraying has less impact on porosified LTCC, since the relative permittivity at the near-surface region is strongly reduced by the introduced ai
elib2cris::1512001600,talai2014e

Electromagnetic Analysis of Fringed Microstrip Lines on Porosified LTCC - Talai, Armin; Steinhäußer, Frank; Gmeiner, Björn; Bittner, Achim; Rüde, Ulrich; Schmid, Ulrich; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), 2013 International Conference on, 2013)
Recent investigations demonstrated that porosification of LTCC enables a local modification of material properties, in particular of the effective permittivity. These studies revealed that the electric field strength is highest at the lower conductor track edges on the porosified substrate. The local field strength peaks cause substantial influence on the effectiveness of permittivity reduction due near-surface material abrasions. In this paper, the influences of these randomly fringed boundaries on electromagnetic properties are investigated for different degrees of fraying. The gained results are compared to measured screen print edges by scanning electron microscope image analysis of co-fired and post-fired gold conductors, and will contribute for reliable circuit design on porous LTCC in the future. © 2013 IEEE.
UnivIS-Import:2015-04-16:Pub.2013.tech.IMMD.lsinfs.electr_6
Keywords: cofired; Conductor edge; field simulation; fringed microstrip; inhomogeneous substrate; LTCC; porosification; reduction of permittivity; structural modeling

Electromagnetic Field Analysis of Porosified LTCC - Talai, Armin; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Computer Simulation Technology - European User Conference, 2013)
elib2cris::1512001600,talai2013

Electromagnetic field analysis with advanced structural modeling of microstrips on porosified LTCC - Talai, Armin; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander; Gmeiner, Björn; Rüde, Ulrich; Steinhäußer, Frank; Bittner, Achim; Schmid, Ulrich (Microwave Conference (EUMC), 2013 European, 2013)
Recent investigations demonstrated that porosification offers the possibility of high quality antenna integration on LTCC by local reduction of the relative permittivity. In order to take advantage of this technology, further research for the deposition of conductors on porosified areas has to be done. Since the near-surface material removal is strong, conductors are expected to penetrate substantially into the porosified substrate. In this paper a new, randomized structural modeling technique of porosified LTCC is presented, which is based on scanning electron microscope imaging. Finite 3D field simulations, performed with this model, show the electromagnetic effects of different vertical microstrip positions on the effective permittivity and the corresponding scattering parameters. © 2013 European Microwave Association.
UnivIS-Import:2015-04-16:Pub.2013.tech.IMMD.lsinfs.electr_9
Keywords: Field simulation; inhomogeneous substrate; LTCC; porosification; reduction of permittivity; structural modeling

Electromagnetic Immunity of Microcontrollers: Failure Mechanisms and Modeling - Su, Tao (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)

Electromagnetics and Network Theory and their Microwave Technology Applications - Weigel, Robert; Lindenmeier, Stefan (Springer-Verlag, 2011)
This book gives a compact overview about actual research in the field of Electromagnetics and Network Theory and its Microwave Applications. It contains aspects on antennas and wave propagation, microwave- and communication-systems and methods for the numerical modeling of components, networks and structures being part of these systems. An actual state of research in antennas and propagation is given as well as wave propagation in RF-lines and electric networks which are crucial for the investigation of microwave systems like radar-, radio-location- and communication- systems. Especially in mobile applications, radar- , radio-location- and navigation- systems as well as microwave sensors are more and more in use. Therefore an actual state of research in this field is given. Actual results of research on such systems are shown for automotive radar, a high precision radio-location-system, RF-sensors and RF-measurement technologies. The wide field of communication systems is further discussed where an overview about progress in mobile communication and wireless data transmission is given and results of actual research are shown. At last, actual numerical methods are discussed which are essential for the estimation of electromagnetic effects in all the applications shown previously. In the scope between the treatment of very tiny structures and very large structures new ways are shown for the numerical modeling of the electromagnetic field in nanostructures as well as in macrostructures and large periodic structures. The book is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. Peter Russer and his research work which is shown in his autobiography.
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel2011

Electronically Reconfigurable 6 × 6 Element Transmitarray at K Band based on Unit-Cells with Continuous Phase Range - Frank, Martin; Lurz, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2019)

Electrothermal Modeling of Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators and Filters - Akstaller, Wolfgang; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 2020)
In this article an electrothermal modeling approach of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) resonators and filters is presented. The starting point for the model is a preliminary design that has to be assessed for thermal aspects. Due to the high geometrical complexity of SAW components simplifications are elaborated and qualified on resonator and filter level to prepare the design for a thermal simulation. A thermal model is created and simulated in a finite element method environment. The simulated behavior is exported as a thermal impedance and implemented in a circuit model of a SAW filter. The layout’s electromagnetic behavior is taken into account. Electrothermal models of the SAW resonators and the busbars are developed. The interface to the thermal impedance is achieved by the use of electrothermal ports. The dynamic effect of frequency shift is included. A verification is done by a comparison of the temperature increase of a resonator in a filter test structure to a corresponding simulation model. The filter is excited by a radio frequency large signal and the temperature is detected by the use of a resistive temperature sensor. A simulation that shows the impact of mutual heating between the resonators in a filter environment is performe

Electro-thermal Modeling of TCSAW Filter - Akstaller, Wolfgang; Kuypers, Jan; Kokkonen, Kimmo; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (2018 IEEE INTERNATIONAL ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM (IUS), 2018)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2019-03-06

Electrothermal modeling of TC SAW filter - Akstaller, Wolfgang; Kuypers, Jan; Kokkonen, Kimmo; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, 2018)

Elektronik und Schaltungstechnik - ein verständlicher Einstieg - Oehme, Friedrich; Huemer, Mario; Pfaff, Markus (Fachbuchverlag Leipzig im Carl Hanser Verlag, 2006)
elib2cris::1512001600,oehme2006

EM-Based Simulation of Substrate Coupling in Integrated Circuits - Weigel, Robert; Brandtner, Thomas (Symposium on Fields, Networks and Computation, 2004)
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel2004c

Embedded Cavity based Dielectric Loss Measurements for LTCC Substrates up to 110 GHz - Talai, Armin; Steinhäußer, Frank; Bittner, Achim; Schmid, Ulrich; Schwanke, Dieter; Rittweg, Thomas; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), 2015)
In literature there exists manifold techniques for measuring the permittivity of substrates. Printed circuit board (PCB) based methods like dielectric resonators are in general limited to determine the absolute value of the complex permittivity since e.g. a half wave resonator only provides information on the electrical length, which is inversely proportional to the square root of the absolute value of the permittivity. Additionally, dielectric loss measurements are more difficult, expensive and often limited to discrete frequency points due to resonance based measurement principles. In this paper, a PCB based dielectric loss measurement system is presented, operating from a few GHz up to 110 GHz, which is based on a differential measurement of a microstrip line on dense low temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) and a microstrip on a LTCC layer with an embedded cavity. The cavity reduces the dielectric loss of the transmission line by replacing a certain amount of substrate with air. Subsequent electromagnetic time domain field simulations allow the dielectric loss assignment over the measured transmission frequency range.
elib2cris::1512001600,talai2015b
Keywords: Dielectric Loss; Differential Amplitude; Embedded Cavity; LTCC; Material Characterization

Embedded radar networks for damage detection in wind turbine blades: validation in a full-scale fatigue test - Simon, Jonas; Kurin, Thomas; Moll, Jochen; Bagemiel, Oliver; Wedel, Raphael; Krause, Stefan; Lurz, Fabian; Nuber, Andreas; Issakov, Vadim; Krozer, Viktor (Structural Health Monitoring-An International Journal, 2023)
This paper presents the design and experimental realization of a cooperative radar network for structural health monitoring (SHM) of wind turbine blades. For this purpose, 40 FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave) radar sensors operating from 58 to 63.5 GHz have been installed in a 31-m-long blade during manufacturing. A subset of 10 sensors is material-embedded in the core material of the blade, and the remaining thirty sensors are placed inside the blade on an inner rotor blade surface. The sensors are distributed over the entire blade based on previous high-frequency electromagnetic simulations. A full-scale fatigue test has been performed under controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, holes have been drilled into the blade by hand to represent a well-defined and relatively small damage. During the experimental campaign, measurements from the complete radar network have been transferred to a base station through a wireless communication link. Finally, it was demonstrated that fatigue as well as artificial damage could be detected accurately using the proposed damage indicator (DI) approach.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-04-07
Keywords: damage detection; fatigue testing; radar sensor network; Radar-based SHM; wind turbine blades

Embedded Systems zur dynamischen Frequenzplanung für drahtlose Mikrofone der Zukunft - Brendel, Johannes; Schmidt, Axel (BICCnet Innovation Forum Smart Systems | Embedded, 2013)
Die für Systeme der drahtlosen Veranstaltungs- und Produktionsmittel, der Konferenztechnik, der elektronischen Berichterstattung (PMSE) und des Rundfunks nutzbaren Frequenzbereiche wurden in den letzten Jahren immer stärker reduziert: zunächst durch die Digitalisierung des Rundfunks, dann durch die daraus resultierende Digitale Dividende 1 und den damit zusammenhängenden Regulierungsentscheidungen. Zusätzlich stellen neue Nutzungskonzepte für das UHF-Spektrum, die mit einer weitergehenden Dynamisierung der Frequenznutzung einher gehen, die vom Kunden geforderte, hohe Betriebssicherheit von PMSE Anwendungen grundsätzlich in Frage und fordern neue Lösungen sowohl von Seiten der Regulierung als auch der PMSE Hersteller. Das hier vorgestellte, vom BMWi geförderte Projekt C-PMSE verfolgt die Realisierung einer Forschungs- und Validierungsplattform mit räumlich verteiltem Scanner- und Auswertesystem in Kombination mit neuen kognitiven Funktionalitäten als Testinstallation in einem Kongress-Zentrum, um Nachweise zur Machbarkeit und Tauglichkeit der verfolgten Lösungen zu erbringen.
elib2cris::1512001600,brendel2013

Embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array (eWLB) Technology for High-Frequency System-in-Package Applications - Wojnowski, Maciej; Pressel, Klaus (International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS), 2013)
The embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) is a novel system integration platform introduced recently. The eWLB technology is an attractive solution for high-frequency system-in-package (SiP) integration due to the capability to design high-quality (high-Q) embedded passives in the fan-out region and side-by-side multichip integration possibilities. In this paper, we show examples of using the fan-out region and the thin-film redistribution layer (RDL) advantageous for integration of inductors and antennas into an eWLB package. In addition, the use of the through encapsulant via (TEV) technology can extend the integration capabilities to 3D. We present measurement and simulation results of vertical interconnections realized using the RDL and TEVs of the eWLB. We demonstrate that the fan-out area of the eWLB can be used for the design of passive devices using the combination of TEV and RDL structures. We show examples of 3D inductors and transformers integrated in the eWLB. We present a fully integrated single-chip 60-GHz transceiver integrated in the eWLB package together with two dipole antennas as an example of mm-wave system integration.
elib2cris::1512001600,wojnowski2013
Keywords: High-frequency measurements; packaging; passive circuits; thin-film inductors; wafer-scale integration

Embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array (eWLB) Technology for Millimeter-Wave Applications - Wojnowski, Maciej; Lachner, Rudolf; Böck, Josef; Wagner, Christoph; Starzer, Florian; Sommer, Grit; Pressel, Klaus; Weigel, Robert (IEEE 13th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), 2011)
The embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) is a novel packaging technology that shows excellent performance for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. We present simulation and measurement results of single-ended and differential transmission lines realized using the thin-film redistribution layers (RDL) of an eWLB. We demonstrate the capabilities for the integration of passives on example of a configurable 17/18 GHz down-converter circuit realized in silicon-germanium (SiGe) technology with a fan-in eWLB differential inductor used for the LC tank. We compare the performance of differential chip-package-board transitions realized in an eWLB and in other common package types. We report an optimized compact chip-package-board transition in the eWLB. We obtain a simulated insertion loss as low as -0.65 dB and a return loss below -16 dB at 77 GHz without external matching networks. We introduce the concept of antenna integration in the eWLB and show examples of single-ended and differential antenna structures. Finally, we present for the first time a single-chip four-channel 77 GHz transceiver in SiGe integrated in the eWLB package together with four dipole antennas. The presented examples demonstrate that the eWLB technology is an attractive candidate for mm-wave applications including system-in-package (SiP).
elib2cris::1512001600,wojnowski2011
Keywords: Ge-Si alloys; ball grid arrays; dipole antennas; microwave integrated circuits; millimetre wave integrated circuits; radio transceivers; system-in-package; transmission lines; wafer level packaging; LC tank; SiGe; antenna integration; compact chip package board transition; differential transmission line; dipole antennas; down converter circuit; eWLB technology; embedded wafer level ball grid array; frequency 17 GHz; frequency 18 GHz; frequency 77 GHz; millimeter wave applications; single chip four channel transceiver; single ended transmission line; system-in-package; thin film redistribution layer; Attenuation; Coplanar waveguides; Dipole antennas; Inductors; Insertion loss; Transmission line measurements; Electronics packaging

EMC Modeling of Nonlinear Components for Automotive Applications - Haslinger, Friedrich; Unger, Bernd; Maurer, M.; Troescher, Matthias; Weigel, Robert (14th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2001)
elib2cris::1512001600,haslinger2001

EMC Modelling Strategy For Automotive Applications - Englmaier, Armin; Scholl, Bernd; Weigel, Robert; Russer, Peter (IEEE 29th European Microwave Conference, 1999)
One of the main problems in simulation of high frequency electromagnetic interference in vehicles are caused by the complexity of chassis and harness. The harness with its overall wire length of several kilometers, its small cross-section diameter compared to its length and its tolerances in geometry and electrical parameters limits the application of the EMC simulation. The complexity of the problem can be modelled by using a method incorporating equivalent current sources. Hereby, the complex harness is represented by coupled transmission line systems, and the current distribution along the wires is calculated based on network theory techniques. From the current distribution equivalent current sources are derived and implemented into a 3-dimensional field solver to compute the emission to the antenna. The validity of the method is shown by way of a simple example within a complex car body.
elib2cris::1512001600,englmaier1999

EMF-Measurements of Rooftop Attenuation of Cellular Radio Base Stations Deployed on Gable Roofs - Reese, Roland; Michler, Fabian; Scheiner, Benedict; Radermacher, Eva (European Microwave Conference, 2023)

EMI Suppression Techniques for Broadcast Reception in Electric Vehicles - Sonner, Daniel; Müller, Thomas; Duell, M.; Weigel, Robert (IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 2013)
Electric driven vehicles become more and more important in today's mobile world. In addition to all its benefits, this technology has some drawbacks. Due to the electrical drive system, we measure higher voltages and higher currents. This is the reason why we get more electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the electric vehicle (EV). The highest requirements regarding EMI result from broadcast reception systems. The conventional approach of noise suppression with passive, active or hybrid filter structures and shielding increases the costs and the weight of the vehicle. In this paper a concept is presented, where the expensive shielding is replaced or supported by digital signal processing in the tuner. The active noise suppression can be supported by additional field probes. Therefore, the tuner can receive more information about the interferers. This principle works like the well-known "Active Noise Cancelling" (ANC). The algorithms have to be developed individually for each broadcast standard and are derived in this presentation for FM, AM and DVB T. Simulation results of the new approach demonstrate dramatic performance improvement in an EMI burdened car environment.
elib2cris::1512001600,sonner2013
Keywords: active filters; amplitude modulation; broadcast communication; digital video broadcasting; electric vehicles; electromagnetic interference; filtering theory; interference suppression; frequency modulation

Empirische Anforderungen von Biogasanlagenbetreibern an ein technisches Risikomanagementsystems für Biogasanlagen (TeRiBi) - Schneider, Michael; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva; et al. (Internationalen Bio- und Deponiegas Fachtagung und Ausstellung – Synergien nutzen und voneinander lernen X, 2016)

Employing Evolutionary Optimization for Designing Practical Beamsteering Algorithms for the Uplink of UMTS with Transmit Power Control Bits as Feedback - Schröter, Simon; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg (International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), 2013)
elib2cris::1512001600,schroeter2013a

Employing Six-Port Technology for Phase-Measurement-Based Calibration of Automotive Radar - Vinci, Gabor; Kölpin, Alexander; Weigel, Robert (Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 2009)
Radar technology is today a key feature for the automotive industry and is becoming of greater importance among most car-producers. Its applications range from cruise control, to pre-crash and parking aid systems. Radar units are already being mounted on several automobiles. Such systems employ high-tech devices and state of the art technology, optimized for robustness and reliability. Specific techniques have been developed to build and install radar devices on board of the vehicles. In particular, precise calibration techniques are being used to set the devices and adjust them so to meet the wanted operation requirements. Radar devices used for adaptive cruise control, installed in front of the vehicle to scan the road ahead in the driving path need a particularly fine adjustment to be as reliable as required by the automotive security standards. Calibration issues in nowadays trimming techniques are causing major problems in the employment of such radar systems. In particular, misalignment of the radar cruise control sensor in respect to the driving axis of the vehicle is leading to false interpretations and reading errors. In this paper, a new, innovative and precise calibration technique is proposed to solve the current calibration problems, focusing on a special microwave measurement technique for enhanced accuracy and reliability.
elib2cris::1512001600,vinci2009a
Keywords: Six-Port; Automotive Radar; Calibration; Phase Measurement; Interferometer

EMV-Systemsimulation mit realen Kabelbäumen von Mess- und Prüfverfahren für Kfz-Komponenten - Gonser, Markus (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2011)

Enabling encounter detection for small vertebrates - dynamically reconfigurable sensor nodes for BATS - Hierold, Martin; Cassens, Björn; Ripperger, Simon; Mayer, Frieder; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (International Bat Research Conference, 2016)
elib2cris::1512001600,hierold2016b

Enabling Fake Base Station Detection through Sample-based Higher Order Noise Statistics - Ali, Arslan; Fischer, Georg (2019 42nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing, TSP 2019, 2019)
This paper presents computationally efficient fake base station (FBS) detection scheme through higher order statistical analysis at the user equipment (UE) side. In the proposed RF fingerprinting detection scheme, the UE inspects surrounding base stations (BS) by first extracting noise from the received signal through novel sample-based parametric estimation technique and then measuring the noise structuredness with the aid of fourth order moment i.e. kurtosis over the estimated noise samples. This reveals unique RF fingerprints of the legitimized regular base station (RBS) in terms of hardware impairments and resultantly indicates minimal impact from the non-linearities due to employment of costly and high precision analog and mixedsignal components, strong network-synchronous clock and a sophisticated linearization effort around the power amplifier (PA). In contrary, FBS exhibits different RF fingerprints containing larger amount of non-linearities in the received signal due to presence of large impairments. With the help of actual measurement results from RBS and various software defined radio (SDR) based FBS at different cellular standards and by defining a critical threshold of detection, we show that an FBS deviates a lot from the ideal Gaussian noise distribution and constitutes of multivariate distributions, whereas an RBS show minimal deviation from the reference and contains univariate noise distribution. We further calculate the observation sample time required to detect an FBS in an optimal MMSE sense and indicate with the help of results that the minimum time to identify a fake cell is 10ms.<br
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-08-30
Keywords: fake base station; hardware imperfections; higher order statistics; kurtosis; multivariate distribution; parametric noise estimation; physical layer security; RF fingerprinting; software defined radio

Enabling location based services with a combined Galileo/GPS receiver architecture - Schmid, Andreas; Neubauer, André; Ehm, Henning; Weigel, Robert; Lemke, Norbert; Heinrichs, Günther; Winkel, Jón; Avila-Rodriguez, Jose-Angel; Kaniuth, Roland; Pany, Thomas; Eissfeller, Bernd; Rohmer, Günther; et al. (International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, 2004)
Several new requirements and challenges are introduced with the transition of traditional navigation applications towards location based services. The three most important ones are low cost, low energy consumption, and high sensitivity. This paper introduces the HIGAPS receiver concept. Aim of the first phase in the HIGAPS project is to develop the concept for a combined Galileo/GPS receiver that is specially tailored for location based services, E-911, and other consumer market applications. After providing a brief overview of the receiver, the partitioning into analog hardware, digital hardware, and software is outlined. The architecture of the combined Galileo/GPS RF front-end is presented in low-IF topology. The digital baseband presents a highly parallel correlation architecture for combined Galileo/GPS reception, allowing moderate times to fix for extended dwell times. Parallel digital signal processing combined with aiding data allows single shot measurements particularly designed for location based services. Differential correlation, where the current coherently integrated predetection sample is multiplied with the conjugated complex of the previous predetection sample further improves the reception sensitivity. The acquisition sensitivity thresholds for differential correlation are compared versus conventional noncoherent integration for white noise and strong interfering signals. After summarizing multipath mitigation techniques, the multipath performance of the Galileo L1 signal is evaluated through ray-tracing simulations. The introduction of the navigation software and the simulation model finalize the paper.
elib2cris::1512001600,schmid2004

Encoding Mobile Communications Signals in Binary RF Waveworms for Switch-Mode Systems - Markert, Daniel (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2015)

Energieeffiziente LED-Beleuchtung zur Steigerung des Wohlbefindens von Mensch und Tier am Beispiel der landwirtschaftlichen Milchviehhaltung - Werner, Daniel; Schneider, Michael; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva; Hoffmann, Sebastian (Licht 2014, 21. Gemeinschaftstagung der lichttechnischen Gesellschaften Deutschlands, der Nieder-lande, Österreichs und der Schweiz, 2014)

Energieeffiziente LED-Beleuchtung zur Steigerung des Wohlbefindens von Mensch und Tier am Beispiel der landwirtschaftlichen Milchviehhaltung - Werner, Daniel; Schneider, Michael; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva; Hoffmann, Sebastian (Licht 2014, 21. Gemeinschaftstagung der lichttechnischen Gesellschaften Deutschlands, der Niederlande, Österreichs und der Schweiz, 2014)

Energieeffiziente Lichtregime und Beleuchtungsmanagement - Werner, Daniel; Reiter, Klaus; Rogalla von Bieberstein, Matthias; Eßelmann, Christian; Bernhart, Kristin; Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva (2. BFL-Beratertagung für „Bauen, Technik und Nutztierhaltung", 2018)

Energieoptimierte Schaltungen für fraktionale Phasenregelschleifen - Jung, Melanie (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2014)

Energy budget in mobile health assistance systems - Reuter, Lukas Michael; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Schwarzmeier, Andre (BMT 2012, 46. DGBMT Jahrestagung, 2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,reuter2012b

Energy Consumption Evaluation of Cellular Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) Modules - Elhaddad, Ahmed; Bruckmeyer, Heiko; Hertlein, Markus; Fischer, Georg (2020 IEEE 6th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2020)
Communications field is witnessing an abrupt growth in the number of connected devices. The connected devices do not only include smartphones, but also connected devices through Internet of Things (IoT). Therefore, 3GPP defined Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard in LTE Rel-13 in order to serve low data rate IoT applications over mobile networks. NB-IoT modules are expected to have a low energy consumption in order to allow for battery usage of more than 10 years and provide a wide coverage area. At our institute, we developed a lab system setup in order to characterize the energy consumption of 3 NB-IoT modules from 3 different manufacturers using an LTE network mockup model. Accordingly, we measured the energy consumption by the modules during different phases of communication, and derived a data traffic dependent energy consumption model in order to estimate the corresponding expected battery lifetime. Furthermore, we measured the energy consumption per bit of the modules against the different number of uplink Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel (NPUSCH) repetitions.
unpublished
Keywords: 5G; mMTC; LPWAN; CIoT; NB-IoT; Energy consumption; Battery lifetime

Energy distribution in an quartz resonator - Rösler, Ulrike; Ruile, Werner; Wagner, Karl Christian; Johannes, Thomas; Scholl, Gerd; Weigel, Robert (IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 1996)
elib2cris::1512001600,roesler1996

Energy efficiency with LED lighting - Example of the historic city centre Rietberg - Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp, Eva; Werner, Daniel; Gabel, Kristin (CiTEDS Congreso Internacional de CIENCIA, TECNOLOGíA Y EDUCACIóN para el Desarrollo Sostenible, 2016)

Energy-Efficient Sensor Data Acquisition using Passive Multi-Standard RFID Transponders - Brenk, Daniel (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2011)

Energy-efficient wireless sensing using a generic ADC sensor interface within a passive multi-standard RFID transponder - Brenk, Daniel; Essel, Jochen; Heidrich, Jürgen; Agethen, Roman; Kissinger, Dietmar; Hofer, Günter; Holweg, Gerald; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Sensors Journal, 2011)
elib2cris::1512001600,brenk2011

Energy harvesting from a piezo buzzer with Schottky diode and complementary MOSFET full-bridge rectifiers - Gogoi, Niharika; Kirchner, Jens; Fischer, Georg (2022 IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics (ISAF), 2022)
In our paper, we have taken advantage of human walking on piezoelectric element and rectified the generated voltage through two types of rectifiers: standard rectifier (SR) and complementary MOSFET rectifier (CMOS-R). For a symmetric voltage signal, CMOS rectifier has always been a better choice than any diode based rectifier. However, in our work, it was observed that the SR gave higher output voltage levels than the CMOS-R <br
Keywords: PZT; energy harvesting circuit; rectifier

Energy Saving of Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) Applications using Release Assistance Indication (RAI) Feature in Rel. 13 - Elhaddad, Ahmed; Irnstorfer, Florian; Duemler, Burkhard; Fischer, Georg (embedded world Conference 2022, 2022)

Enhanced GSM Broadcast Receiver using the Phase Output of a Sub-GHz Transceiver - Erhardt, Stefan; Gäde, Bernhard; Kölpin, Alexander; Weigel, Robert (2018 48th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), 2018)
With Sub-GHz transceivers it is possible to receive GSM broadcast messages, for example for implementing cell-ID based localization. In this publication the phase information output of an ultra-low power Sub-GHz transceiver is used for a software defined GSM receiver. For enhanced results channel estimation and equalization can be applie
Keywords: GSM; Receivers; Transceivers; Frequency modulation; Registers; Channel estimation; GSM; signal processing; channel estimation; equalizers

Enhanced Mobile Node Design for Small Size Animal Borne Wireless Sensor Nodes with Encounter Detection and Localization - Duda, Niklas; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (GeMiC 2018, 2018)

ENHANCED PIEZOELECTRIC AL(1-X)SC(X)N RF-MEMS RESONATORS FOR SUB-6 GHZ RF-FILTER APPLICATIONS: DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION - Bogner, Andreas; Bauder, Ruediger; Timme, Hans-Joerg; Forster, Thomas; Reccius, Christian; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie (2020 33RD IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS 2020), 2020)
CRIS-Team WoS Importer:2020-10-02

Enhancement of CT Image Quality via Bilateral Filtering of Projections - Gabiger-Rose, Anna; Weigel, Robert; Oeckl, Steven; Schmitt, Peter (The First International Conference on Image Formation in X-Ray Computed Tomography, 2010)
In this paper, the way to enhance the image quality of 3D-CT reconstruction by means of noise filtering in 2D projections is shown. The noise reduction is done by applying a bilateral filter, which is well known for its edge-preserving quality. During the measurement of the projections the noise signal of the system is superimposed to the image signal. This noise propagates into the reconstruction and can be measured in the cross sections of the reconstructed volume. In order to reduce the noise in the volume, the preprocessing of the projections is extended by noise filtering prior to the logarithm transform and the ramp filtering. The capability of the bilateral filter to reduce image noise without blurring or corruption of the image contents combined with the real-time implementation on FPGA makes this filter suitable for the application to the x-ray projections. As it is shown in this paper, not only the noise is suppressed in the reconstruction, but due to the edge-preserving filtering of noise in the projections the structural details in the reconstruction are resolved better.
elib2cris::1512001600,gabiger2010

Enhancement of pulse contour analysis in the pulmonary artery by use of heart sounds - Kirchner, Jens; van Ooyen, André; Ershov, Sergey; Skerl, Olaf (IEEE SENSORS 2011, 2011)
Pulse contour analysis (PCA) estimates cardiac stroke volume on a beat-to-beat basis from the systolic time interval of arterial blood pressure. Hence, identification of the ejection time intervals plays a crucial role. However, this is an intricate task when pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) measured with an implantable pressure sensing device is used. The feature marking the end of systole is rather indistinct and thus often not detectable in low-resolution signals. We therefore suggest using additional information from heart sounds, which are indicative of beginning and end of systole, respectively. The potential benefit of this approach was evaluated with data from an animal experiment. Blood pressure was recorded with a pressure transducer catheter and heart sounds with a prototype accelerometer. Using PAP only, 6.1% of all cycles were unusable for PCA. With additional use of heart sounds, however, a detection rate of 100.0% was achieve
Keywords: blood pressure measurement; blood vessels; catheters; pressure sensors; pressure transducers; prosthetics; pulse contour analysis enhancement; PCA enhancement; heart sound; cardiac stroke volume estimation; arterial blood pressure systolic time interval; ejection time intervals identification; pulmonary artery pressure measurement; PAP measurement; implantable pressure sensing device; pressure transducer catheter; prototype accelerometer; heart; blood pressure; arteries; biomedical monitoring; accelerometers; sensors

Enhancing Open Loop Beamsteering Performance for the Uplink of UMTS/HSPA+ under Discontinuous Transmission - Schröter, Simon; Rieß, Steffen; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg (IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 2014)
So called open loop transmit diversity algorithms for the uplink of UMTS use the power control commands as feedback to iteratively determine the antenna weights. The algorithms presented in literature so far are designed for continuous transmission. The UMTS standard, however, also allows discontinuous uplink transmission (DTX), which impairs the performance of these algorithms. This paper studies these impairments and proposes a method to design transmit diversity algorithms with improved performance in a DTX scenario. With such improved algorithms, the transmit power gain is 1.4 dB in DTX, which is an improvement of 0.7 dB over conventional non-DTX diversity algorithms.
elib2cris::1512001600,schroeter2014

Enhancing RF Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices: Multiphysical Modeling and Performance - Chauhan, Vikrant; Huck, Christian; Frank, Astrid; Akstaller, Wolfgang; Weigel, Robert; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2019)
The rapid proliferation of smartphones, tablets, and intelligent wearables is proof of the global success of high-performance RF acoustic devices based on bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) technologies. Advanced wireless communication standards, such as 4G/LTE and the upcoming 5G, make the implementation of new RF features (power handling, wider bandwidth, and reconfigurability) mandatory in modern end-user equipment for mobile communications. This leads to an increasing demand for SAW and BAW components due to their compatibility with higher frequencies. In the year 2020, shipments of RF filters will exceed 68 billion (Figure 1), of which about 40 billion will be high-performance filters, such as film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs), high quality factor (Q) BAW components, temperature-compensated (TC) SAW components, and thin-film SAW components [1]-[3].
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2019-09-24

Enhancing the Real-Time Performance of a Wireless Hardware-in-the-Loop Test System in ISM Bands - Kloc, Matej; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Advances in Wireless and Optical Communications (RTUWO), 2016)
elib2cris::1512001600,kloc2016c

Entwicklung eines 77 GHz-Radarsensors mit Winkelmessfähigkeit in Elevation und Azimut - Baur, Klaus (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012)

Entwicklung eines innovativen Halbleitertestkonzepts für parallele, dynamische Kapazitätsmessungen - Hofmann, Tino (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)
elib2cris::1512001600,hofmann2009

Entwicklung und Aufbau von Teilkomponenten für ein 61 GHz ISM-Band Radarsystem in Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Technologie - Erhardt, Stefan (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2014)
elib2cris::1512001600,erhardt2014
Keywords: Substrate Integrated Waveguide; Radar; 61 GHz; ISM-Band

Entwurf und Aufbau einer elektromagnetisch geschirmten Messkammer - Wind, Adalbert; Kölpin, Alexander (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)
elib2cris::1512001600,wind2009

Entwurf und Aufbau eines erweiterten Sechstor-Empfänger-Systems - Lindner, Stefan (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2011)
elib2cris::1512001600,lindner2011

Entwurf und Realisierung einer mehrkanaligen ZF-Ethernet-Umsetzerarchitektur zur schnellen Funkaufklärung - Langmann, Frank (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2014)

Entwurf und Realisierung einer Sechstor-Empfänger-Platine für einen Frequenzbereich im K-Band - Kölpin, Alexander (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,koelpin2005
Keywords: Six-Port

Entwurf von 60 GHz-Radar-Frontends für industrielle Sensoranwendungen - Agethen, Roman (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2014)

Entwurf von Auswerte-, Fehlerkorrektur und Kalibrierungsverfahren für XMR-Sensoren - Xie, Fei (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2016)

Entwurf von Current Mode-Filtern mit Methoden der mathematischen Optimierung - Koca, Özhan (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2008)

Entwurf von passiven CMOS RFID-Tags fuer HF-und UHF-Anwendungen - Essel, Jochen; Ußmüller, Thomas (ANALOG'11 Fachtagung Entwicklung von Analogschaltungen mit CAE-Methoden, 2011)
Dieses Tutorial bietet eine Einfuehrung in den Entwurf von "Ultra-Low Power Wireless Sensor Nodes". Zunaechst werden die Grundlagen der aktiven, semi-passiven und passiven Energieversorgung erlaeutert und die schaltungstechnische Realisierung der einzelnen Systembloecke beschrieben. Besonders wird dabei auf die angewendeten energiesparenden Entwurfstechniken und auf die Charakterisierung der jeweiligen Schaltungen eingegangen. Der zweite Teil des Tutorials befasst sich mit dem Design von Schaltungen zur energieeffizienten Datenerfassung in drahtlosen Sensorknoten und diskutiert die unterschiedlichen Kommunikationsprotokolle sowie das Gesamtsystem.
elib2cris::1512001600,essel2011

Equivalent Circuit Modeling Using Frequency-Domain Subspace System Identification - Neumayer, Roland; Stelzer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert (IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), 2003, 2003)
This paper addresses the generation of equivalent circuit models from frequency-dependent network parameters. In particular, a recently developed frequency-domain subspace identification algorithm is applied to generate SPICE-based multiport models of complex electrical structures or components characterized by admittance, impedance, or scattering parameter data. The extracted non-parametric minimal order realization enables efficient EMC analysis in general circuit environment, as is demonstrated by a practical example.
elib2cris::1512001600,neumayer2003c
Keywords: Analytical models; Computational modeling; Electromagnetic compatibility; Electronic mail; Equivalent circuits; Frequency domain analysis; Performance analysis; Time domain analysis

Equivalent Circuit Models for Coupling Effects Characterized by Scattering Parameter Data - Neumayer, Roland; Haslinger, Friedrich; Stelzer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert (Proc. International Symposium on EMC, 2002)
elib2cris::1512001600,neumayer2002a

Erfassung der Pulswelle am Unterarm mittels optisch-transmissiver Plethysmographie - Couronne, Robert (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012)

Erforschung geeigneter Modellierungstechniken für 3D Hochfrequenzstruktursimulationen zur Bestimmung der effektiven relativen Permittivität für porosizierte LTCC Substrate - Talai, Armin; Kölpin, Alexander; Weigel, Robert (U.R.S.I. Kleinheubacher Tagung 2012, 2012)
Die relative Permittivität eps_r eines keramischen Hochfrequenz-Substrates wie LTCC (engl.: Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics) kann durch nasschemische Ätzverfahren lokal reduziert werden, indem ein Teil des dielektrischen Verbundwerkstoffes herausgelöst wird. Mit dieser Methode soll die Abstrahlcharakteristik von Patchantennen-Arrays, wie bspw. für KFZ-Radare der nächsten Generation, optimiert werden. In diesem Beitrag werden dazu erforderliche 3D-Hochfrequenzstruktursimulationsansätze vorgestellt, welche einen ersten Eindruck für das Potential über die Manipulationsmöglichkeiten von ǫr durch diese neue Technologie liefern. Die Vorstellung einer messtechnischen Validierungsmöglichkeit mittels Ringresonatoren rundet die erzielten Simulationserkenntnisse ab.
elib2cris::1512001600,talai2012

Ermitteln von Geschwindigkeiten aus Radar-Doppler-Messungen - Pichler, Markus; Stelzer, Andreas; Soeser, A.; Weigel, Robert (ITG-Tagung Sensoren und Mess-Systeme, 2002)
elib2cris::1512001600,pichler2002

Error Compensation of the Temperature Influence on Radar based Displacement Measurements - Will, Christoph; Mann, Sebastian; Michler, Fabian; Reißland, Torsten; Lurz, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (2017 IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2017)
Highly precise sensor systems for contactless displacement measurements play an important role within the industrial application field. Various radar based measurement systems utilizing different techniques have been published for this purpose, but the influence of the ambient temperature on the measurement results has only rarely been investigated, yet. Whereas many publications deal with research on temperature compensation of single components, this paper describes the influence of the ambient temperature on the entire RF front end of the sensor system, a 61 GHz Six-Port interferometer. After presenting the measurement system, the temperature influences on the four output voltages and the consequences for the measurement results are analyzed. Finally, a compensation algorithm is proposed to decrease the temperature induced impairments of the systematic measurement error.

Erstellen des Praktikums zu Architekturen der Digitalen Signalverarbeitung - Systemsimulation mit Matlab - Schedel, Andreas; Kölpin, Alexander; Weigel, Robert (2006)
elib2cris::1512001600,schedel2006

Estimating cardiac output from pulmonary arterial pressure - Kirchner, Jens; van Ooyen, André; Pfennig, Michael; Schmitz-Rode, Thomas; Urbaszek, Albrecht (Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering, vol. 56, iss. s1, 2011)
Introduction Cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) are fundamental physiologic parameters for diagnosis and monitoring of congestive heart failure. Methods for estimating these quantities from continuous blood pressure measurements, typically from aortic pressure, are known as pulse contour analysis (PCA). In an acute animal study, different methods of PCA were evaluated for applicability to continuously calculating CO and SV from pulmonary arterial blood pressure. Methods Acute experiments were performed with anesthetized Rhoen sheep with high-rate paced rhythm. Cardiac output was varied by a stepwise increase of dobutamine dosage, accompanied by constant administration of saline solution. Blood pressure was measured continuously in the left and right ventricle as well as in the aorta and the pulmonary artery by use of two pressure transducer catheters (Micro-Tip, Millar instruments). As a reference, CO was determined by use of the thermodilution method (Vigilance Monitor, Edwards Lifesciences). Stroke volume was determined by use of several methods from literature, including the use of pulse pressure, pressure integral and triangular approximations of pressure area. Cardiac output was calculated by multiplication by heart rate. Results All estimates of CO from PCA exhibit an excellent agreement with the measurement protocol, i.e. increased CO when contractility is raised. These observations are further supported by comparison to (dP/dt)max, which is regarded as a measure of contractility. The different methods show very similar behavior and vary only in the relative changes. The results from PCA agree well with the reference measurement with the thermodilution method. Calculated CO even shows a significantly quicker response to changes in physiologic condition compared to the Vigilance measurements. Conclusion Estimations of CO and SV from PCA reflect changes in physiologic condition on a beat-to-beat basis. Continuous monitoring of cardiac condition, particularly detection of a worsening of heart failure, is feasible using measurements of pulmonary arterial pressure

Estimation Error Analysis and Compensation of Dual Six-Port based DOA Detection - Vinci, Gabor; Linz, Sarah; Kölpin, Alexander (2014 IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), 2014)
elib2cris::1512001600,vinci2014a
Keywords: DOA; Dual Six-Port

Estimation of Current Profiles for Large Digital VLSI Modules in Early Design Phases - Gstöttner, Andreas; Huemer, Mario (Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Circuits (EMC Compo 2007), 2007)
elib2cris::1512001600,gstoettner2007a

Estimation of data dependent transition displacement in thin film media - Kratzert, Andreas; Obernosterer, Frank; Oehme, Friedrich (Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 1999)
A method has been developed and applied which allows to analyze the contribution of individual transitions in an arbitrary data pattern to media noise. Distortions as displacement, amplitude, and width variation of pulses have been investigated. In addition to random transition noise nonlinear transition interaction becomes visible in deterministic contributions of the distortion parameters. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
UnivIS-Import:2015-03-05:Pub.1999.tech.IE.LETE.estima
Keywords: Distortion analysis; Magnetic recording; Media noise; Signal model

ETSI SmartBAN Architecture: The Global Vision for Smart Body Area Networks - Hamalainen, Matti; Mucchi, Lorenzo; Girod-Genet, Marc; Paso, Tuomas; Farserotu, John; Tanaka, Hirokazu; Anzai, Daisuke; Pierucci, Laura; Khan, Rida; Alam, Muhammad Mahtab; Dallemagne, Philippe (IEEE Access, 2020)
This paper presents a condensed review of the European smart body area network (BAN) standardization work and its already published standards. The work is carried out under the ETSI Technical Committee (TC) SmartBAN. The goal of ETSI TC SmartBAN is to define and develop new European BAN standards; fostering the successful market adoption of wireless BAN technology by providing a standardized way to bring new interoperable products into the health, medical, sport, leisure and IoT markets, targeting to global exploitation. TC SmartBAN covers wireless communications, especially the physical and medium access control layers, associated security, semantic interoperability and open data representation, which are necessary features in the data transmissions, as well as building blocks of the future smart coordinator. The use of smart coordinator centralizes the network intelligence to the hub, which enables implementation of simple nodes. The SmartBAN approach will be computationally light, and it supports reliable operations across heterogeneous networks. Due to the semantic approach in all functional levels, SmartBAN also supports high interoperability. For emergency traffic, SmartBAN provides different priority classes and fast channel access associated with a low latency. Novel concept adopted in the SmartBAN for high-priority traffic is a multi-use channel access, which can also improve the spectral efficiency. Not only on-body nodes and applications, TC SmartBAN is considering in-body communications for capsule endoscopy. In addition, SmartBAN collaborates with other standardization groups, such as oneM2M and AIOTI, to widen the impact of its work.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2020-09-18
Keywords: Interoperability; medium access control; open data format; physical layer; semantic interoperability; wireless

EU PROJECT RESOLUTION: Reconfigurable Systems for Mobile Local Communication and Positioning - Ellinger, Frank; Carls, Jörg; Wehrli, Silvan; Jäckel, Heinz; Kromer, Christian; Wiebking, Leif; Dabek, Alexander; Hüttner, Jörg; Roskosch, Richard; Gierlich, Roland; Seisenberger, Claus; Huemer, Mario; et al. (International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems, 2006)
elib2cris::1512001600,ellinger2006

EuroVNA - ein ambitionierter Netzwerkanalysator - Erhardt, Stefan; Depold, Andreas (2020)

Evaluating a Measurement System - Sporer, Thomas; Gbur, U; Herre, Jürgen; Kapust, Rolf (Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 1995)
herre_books_journals

Evaluating a Measurement System - Sporer, Thomas; Gbur, U; Herre, Jürgen; Kapust, R (95th AES Convention, 1993)
herre_books_journals

Evaluating a Simulation based PLC Processor Optimization - Kohl, Johannes; Bauer, Wolfgang; Bäsig, Jürgen; Fey, Dietmar (ISC 2017, 2017)
UnivIS-Import:2017-12-18:Pub.2017.tech.IMMD.IMMD3.evalua_54

Evaluating Signed-digit Arithmetic Circuits using Multi-level storing Memristors - Fey, Dietmar; Reichenbach, Marc; Söll, Christopher; Weigel, Robert (HIPEAC Workshop on Memristor Technology, Design, Automation and Computing, 2016)
Signed-digit (SD) arithmetic, e.g. ternary computer arithmetic circuits process trits instead of bits. It is long known that trits, which are using for each digit not only 0 and 1but in addition either 2 or -1, can carry out an addition in a constant number of steps independent of the used word length of the operands. However, corresponding SD arithmetic circuits have not been used in current processors so far due to the missing of fast, dense and CMOS compatible memory cells that can store reliably multiple levels. Memristors offer these features making necessary a re-evaluation of different SD number representations and their corresponding arithmetic circuits realized in CMOS technology. In addition appropriate analogue-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analogue (D/A) interfaces between digital CMOS circuits and multi-level memristors are ne-cessary and have to be considered in this investigation. The paper evaluates different SD number represen-tations using digits with three or five levels for the adder. It is concluded that an SD addition using trits and three elementary processing steps is currently the best solution for memristors. This solution is currently implemented in a first hardware demonstrator using commercially available memristor devices, discretely realised A/D and D/A converters which link the memristor registers to an FPGA implementing the SD arithmetic.
elib2cris::1512001600,fey2016
Keywords: Memristor; GRK-1773

Evaluation of a Microwave Based Contact-Free Testing Method for Mechanical Sensitivity Analysis of MEMS for Inline Integration of On-Wafer Measurements - Oesterle, Florian; Gardill, Markus; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Microwave Conference (EuMC), 2013 European, 2013)
Testing of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems is a key issue in high volume batch manufacturing. Deviating process parameters influence the nominal intrinsic stress level of the mechanical components, leading to a variation of the specified sensitivity, hence the system functionality. Focusing on a short test time, inline integration, and contactless excitation and analysis methods, establishing an electrical test for the required sensitivity within the mechanical domain is challenging. Depending on the design and functionality of the specific MEMS device, optical interferometry methods, Impedance or Network Analyzers or even final system level tests are implemented nowadays. This paper presents an alternative contactless testing method for sensitivity analysis of MEMS using microwave reflectometry. Proving the enormous potential of the method for inline integration, measurement results for varying chuck thickness and frequencies within the W-band are shown and evaluated, using a dedicated test setup for on-chip or on-wafer measurements.
elib2cris::1512001600,oesterle2013a
Keywords: MEMS; Mechanical Resonance; Mechanical Sensitivity; Contactless Testing; Microwave Reflectometry; Deflection Measurement; W-band; Microphone; Inline Integration

Evaluation of a Multiphysical RF MEMS Oscillator Based on LTE Receiver Performance Requirements - Silva Cortes, Victor Arturo; Podoskin, Dmitry; Stegner, Johannes; Fischer, Michael; Gropp, Sebastian; Hein, Matthias; Hoffmann, Martin; Müller, Jens; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta (International Conference on Microwave, Radar and Wireless Communications (MIKON), 2016)
A simulation methodology dealing with the complexity of multiphysical MEMS models and their evaluation according to RF specification is presented. It is focused towards the evaluation of a hybrid MEMS-CMOS RF oscillator prior its realization, based on the demodulation performance of an LTE user equipment. The proposed multiphysical simulation approach enables to meet the constraints of the receiver specification, the design rules for manufacturing and the implementation with the novel silicon-ceramic composite substrate (SiCer) based on co-simulation and a parametrized behavioral model of the MEMS resonator. Thus, allowing to successfully address the constraints at the different abstraction levels of the design and manufacturing processes.
elib2cris::1512001600,silva2016

Evaluation of Antenna Calibration and DOA Estimation Algorithms for FMCW Radars - Stephan, Michael; Wang, Kuangda; Reißland, Torsten; Weigel, Robert; Wu, Ke; Lurz, Fabian (European Microwave Week (EuMW), 2019)

Evaluation of a Reflection Based Dehydration Sensing Method for Wristwatch Integration - Trenz, Florian; Weigel, Robert; Kissinger, Dietmar (MIKON 2016 - International Conference on Microwave, Radar and Wireless Communications, 2016)
This paper presents a compact dehydration measurement method, keeping in mind a system integration in a wristwatch housing. In contrast to the conventional measurement approach using two measurement antennas, the proposed measurement setup uses only one antenna and one metallic reflector. Measurements have been performed using a patch antenna immersed in a steel basin filled with a tissue-equivalent liquid. The microstrip antenna has been optimized for an application in the 2.45GHz ISM band and features a biocompatible passivation layer and a rigid aluminum housing. The tissue-equivalent liquid mimicks dielectric tissue properties over a hypotonic hydration change. The steel basin acts as a liquid retainer and as a metallic reflector for the measurement setup. Measurements with the proposed setup have shown, that a clear distinction of physiologically relevant hydration levels is possible.
elib2cris::1512001600,trenz2016
Keywords: Biomedical measurement; Microwave sensors; Biosensors; Reflectometry

Evaluation of a Robust Correlation based True-Speed-over-Ground Measurement System employing a FMCW Radar - Reißland, Torsten; Lenhart, Björn; Lichtblau, Johann; Sporer, Michael; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 2019)
This paper presents a novel approach for the determination of True-Speed-Over-Ground for trains. Speed determination is accomplished by correlating the received signals of two side-looking radar sensors. The theoretically achievable precision is derived. Test measurements are done in two different scenarios to give a prove of concept. Thereafter a series of field measurements is performed to rate the practical suitability of the approach. The results of the measurements are thoroughly evaluated. The test and field measurements are carried out using a 24 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar.

Evaluation of Calibration Techniques for High Resolution Time Domain Semiconductor Package Characterization - Engl, Mario; Eurskens, Wolfram; Weigel, Robert (14th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging, 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,engl2005
Keywords: Packageing; Time domain

Evaluation of Cellular Standards for Low Data Rate Applications Regarding Power Consumption and Timing Parameters - Hertlein, Markus; Breun, Sascha; Cappel, Germar; Schwarzmeier, Andre; Lurz, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Fischer, Georg (IEEE Radio Wireless Symposium, 2018)
3GPP introduced new specifications for low data rate applications, due to the IoT sector and also the enormous amount of connected devices. This standards should reduce overhead, increase coverage and reduce power consumption in addition to an increasing capacity. This paper focuses on power consumption measurements of the current existing standards e.g. LTE and makes a comparison with the new Narrowband-IoT standards. Also an evaluation on timing parameters and different modes during the transmission is given. Finally this paper helps to decide which standard provides the best benefit for a certain applicatio
Keywords: Cellular networks; Internet of Things (IoT); Narrowband IoT; Power consumption

Evaluation of Control Link Impacts on the IRS Assisted Communication System with Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation - Zeng, Xianshi; Bühlmeyer, Jonas; Weigel, Robert; Irnstorfer, Florian (2024 15th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC), 2024)
With the development of Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) technology, the network performance of the control channel has an increasing impact on IRS systems. This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) simulation methodology for the IRS controller using real network devices. We demonstrate the behaviour of a control channel connected to the simulated IRS-based communication platform. This provides test results that correlate with wired and wireless network connection. In addition, previous work has investigated the mobile user tracking (UT) scheme and proposed methods to achieve a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the downlink case, which will provide a theoretical upper bound. Our experimental results are analysed and compared with previous simulation methods. The results show that the proposed HiL simulation methodology can validate the functionality of the UT scheme and emphasise the importance of considering the impact of the non-ideal control link on the IRS system.<br

Evaluation of Different Antenna Positions for Joint Radar-Communication at 77 GHz - Lübke, Maximilian; Fuchs, Jonas; Dubey, Anand; Frank, Martin; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (Kleinheubacher Tagung 2021, 2021)
The development of millimeter wave systems is driven by the strong trend towards the new communication generations and especially by the emerging joint radar and communication design approach. Safety critical applications like platooning or intersection assistance will significantly benefit from the combination of sensing and communication. This combination requires that both operate on the same frequency bands either in a co-design, a cooperation or even in a coexistence, using the same hardware. However, each technology has its own requirements. While radar performs a channel measurement and thus, needs a wide field of view, communication aims to minimize the interference for other not addressed receivers (e. g. in a platoon) by a focused antenna design. The proposed work analyses the effect of antenna positioning and antenna characteristics (omnidirectional and focused) for a typical automotive scene by evaluating both the communication and sensing performance. Especially, the positions at the front bumper – typical for radar sensors– and at the left mirror convinced regarding the vehicular communication as well as the sensing behaviour. <br

Evaluation of Embedded Algorithms for a Six-Port-Based Frequency Measurement System - Scheiner, Benedict; Graef, Florian; Michler, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks 2022, 2022)

Evaluation of ISAR-based autofocus methods for estimation of true-speed-over-ground using a 24 GHz FMCW-Radar - Reißland, Torsten; Lenhart, Björn; Lichtblau, Johann; Sporer, Michael; Kölpin, Alexander; Weigel, Robert (Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, 2019)
This paper presents a novel approach for the determination of True-Speed-Over-Ground for trains. The approach utilizes the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) technique. Several focus metrics are evaluated and tested. The tests were carried out in an laboratory environment. The results are compared to an alternative correlation-based approac
Keywords: focusing; measurement systems; synthetic aperture radar; velocity measurement

Evaluation of Spiking Neural Networks for Time Domain-based Radar Hand Gesture Recognition - Shaaban, Ahmed; Furtner, Wolfgang; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (Proceedings International Radar Symposium, 2022)
Radar-based hand gesture recognition is a promising alternative to the camera-based solutions since radar is not impacted by lighting conditions and has no privacy concerns. Energy consumption is a key concern for radar applications on edge devices. Thus, a time-domain-based training approach that avoids the computationally expensive pre-processing fast Fourier transform (FFT) steps and utilizes time-domain radar data has been used. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are recognized as being lower-power and more energy-efficient than artificial neural networks (ANNs). Therefore, we used the time-domain training approach alongside SNNs to conserve the most energy. This work evaluates several convolutional-based SNNs and their ANN variants to determine the SNNs appropriateness for temporally based datasets and their ability to learn complex spatio-temporal features. All models were trained using only time-domain data and then used to classify ten different gestures recorded by five different people using a 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensor. The results indicate the effectiveness of the used time-domain training approach and the ability of SNNs to outperform their ANN counterparts.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2022-11-04
Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network; FMCW Radar; Gesture Recognition; Radar Signal Processing; Spiking Neural Network

Evaluation of Spiking Neural Networks for Time Domain-Based Radar Hand Gesture Recognition - Shaaban, Ahmed; Furtner, Wolfgang; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (2022 International Radar Symposium, 2022)

Evaluation of the Impact of Antenna Parameters on the Performance of Six-Port Radar - Linz, Sarah; Vinci, Gabor; Lindner, Stefan; Mann, Sebastian; Lurz, Fabian; Barbon, Francesco; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), 2014)
elib2cris::1512001600,linz2014a

Evaluation of the Impact of Static Interference on an Empirical Data Based Static Magnetic Localization Setup for Capsule Endoscopy - Zeising, Samuel; Anzai, Daisuke; Thalmayer, Angelika; Fischer, Georg; Kirchner, Jens (Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering, 2020)

Evaluation of Wirebond and Flip-Chip Unterconnects of a Leadless Plastic Package for RF Applications - Engl, Mario; Pressel, Klaus; Theuss, Horst; Dangelmaier, Jochen; Eurskens, Wolfram; Knapp, Herbert; Simbürger, Werner; Weigel, Robert (Electronic Packaging Technology Conference, 2005. EPTC, 2005)
elib2cris::1512001600,engl2005a
Keywords: Packaging; Wirebond

Evaluierung eines Verfahrens zur Positionsbestimmung von Funkemittern fuer ein gegebenes Empfaengersystem - Hausknecht, Frank; Wibbing, Sascha (Radio Techniques and Technologies for Commercial Communication and Sensing Applications, 2011)
elib2cris::1512001600,hausknecht2011a

Examination of OFDM for Wireless Train-Onboard Communication - Lichtblau, Johann; Sanftl, Benedikt; Lurz, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Radio Wireless Symposium, 2018)

Experimental Comparison of Integrated Transformers in a 28 nm Bulk CMOS Technology - Rimmelspacher, Johannes; Breun, Sascha; Werthof, Andreas; Geiselbrechtinger, Angelika; Weigel, Robert; Issakov, Vadim (European Microwave Conference 2018, 2018)
This paper presents a systematic comparison of integrated transformer structures realized in a 28 nm bulk CMOS technology and characterized up to the millimetre-wave frequencies. First, the rectangular versus octagonal coil shapes are compared. Next, different transformer routing realizations using various magnetic coupling mechanisms are examined: interleaved transformers using lateral coupling, stacked ones using vertical coupling and symmetrical transformers using the combination of both coupling mechanisms. Finally, the comparison is repeated for different turn ratios: 1:1, 1:2 and 2:2. The electrical properties of the transformers, such as self-inductance, quality factor, self-resonance frequencies and mutual coupling coefficient are analysed. Advantages and disadvantages of these structures are discussed with regard to their applicability in various active circuits. One of the main targets is to obtain the best transformer’s electrical parameters for a given fixed area and given metallization option. The structures are measured up to 70 GHz. On-chip interconnects are de-embedded and the devices are compared to the models simulated by EM field solver.<br
Keywords: millimeter-wave; CMOS; transformers

Experimental Considerations on Accurate fT and fmax Extraction for MOS Transistors Measured up to 110 GHz - Rimmelspacher, Johannes; Werthof, Andreas; Weigel, Robert; Geiselbrechtinger, Angelika; Issakov, Vadim (Automated RF Techniques Group (ARFTG) Microwave Measurement Symposium, 2019)

Experimental determination of the complete scattering matrix of SAW reflectors by a new deembedding method - Müller, Günter; Bergmann, Andreas; Ruile, Werner; Weigel, Robert; Russer, Peter (IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1994)
We present a new measuring method which is capable of determining the complete scattering matrix of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) 180° reflector. Additional to the reflector to be investigated only one interdigital transducer (IDT) has to be designed for SAW excitation. These two elements have to be combined in several different arrangements. Exclusively electrical measurements with a commonly used network analyzer are necessary. From these measurements the acoustical two-port description can be evaluated using a deembedding method which will be described. Furthermore, error estimations have been worked out allowing for the assessment of the results. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our procedure
elib2cris::1512001600,mueller1994a

Experimental Molecular Communication Testbed Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles in Duct Flow - Unterweger, Harald; Kirchner, Jens; Wicke, Wayan; Ahmadzadeh, Arman; Ahmed, Doaa; Jamali Kooshkghazi, Vahid; Alexiou, Christoph; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert; Schober, Robert (19th IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, 2018)
Simple and easy to implement testbeds are needed to further advance molecular communication research. To this end, this paper presents an in-vessel molecular communication testbed using magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in an aqueous suspension as they are also used for drug targeting in biotechnology. The transmitter is realized by an electronic pump for injection via a Yconnector. A second pump provides a background flow for signal propagation. For signal reception, we employ a susceptometer, an electronic device including a coil, where the magnetic particles move through and generate an electrical signal. We present experimental results for the transmission of a binary sequence and the system response following a single injection. For this flowdriven particle transport, we propose a simple parameterized mathematical model for evaluating the system response. <br
Keywords: Molecular communication; magnetic nanoparticles

Experimental Molecular Communication Testbed Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles in Duct Flow - Unterweger, Harald; Kirchner, Jens; Wicke, Wayan; Ahmadzadeh, Arman; Ahmed, Doaa; Jamali, Vahid; Alexiou, Christoph; Fischer, Georg; Schober, Robert (2018 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), 2018)
Simple and easy to implement testbeds are needed to further advance molecular communication research. To this end, this paper presents an in-vessel molecular communication testbed using magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in an aqueous suspension as they are also used for drug targeting in biotechnology. The transmitter is realized by an electronic pump for injection via a Y-connector. A second pump provides a background flow for signal propagation. For signal reception, we employ a susceptometer, an electronic device including a coil, where the magnetic particles move through and generate an electrical signal. We present experimental results for the transmission of a binary sequence and the system response following a single injection. For this flow-driven particle transport, we propose a simple parameterized mathematical model for evaluating the system Response.<br
Keywords: Electron tubes; Magnetic nanoparticles; Receivers; Molecular communication; Suspensions; Magnetic susceptibility; Transmitters

Experimental Research in Synthetic Molecular Communications - Part I - Lotter, Sebastian; Brand, Lukas; Jamali, Vahid; Schäfer, Maximilian; Loos, Helene; Unterweger, Harald; Greiner, Sandra; Kirchner, Jens; Alexiou, Christoph; Drummer, Dietmar; Fischer, Georg; Büttner, Andrea; et al. (IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine, 2023)
Since its emergence from the communication engineering community around one and a half decades ago, the field of Synthetic Molecular Communication (SMC) has experienced continued growth, both in the number of technical contributions from a vibrant community and in terms of research funding. Throughout this process, the vision of SMC as a novel, revolutionary communication paradigm has constantly evolved, driven by feedback from theoretical and experimental studies, respectively. It is believed that especially the latter ones will be crucial for the transition of SMC towards a higher technology readiness level in the near future. In this spirit, we present here a comprehensive survey of experimental research in SMC. In particular, this survey focuses on highlighting the major drivers behind different lines of experimental research in terms of the respective envisioned applications. This approach allows us to categorize existing works and identify current research gaps that still hinder the development of practical SMC-based applications. Our survey consists of two parts: this paper and a companion paper. While the companion paper focuses on SMC with relatively long communication ranges, this paper covers SMC over short distances of typically not more than a few millimeters.<br

Experimental Research in Synthetic Molecular Communications - Part II - Lotter, Sebastian; Brand, Lukas; Jamali, Vahid; Schäfer, Maximilian; Loos, Helene M.; Unterweger, Harald; Greiner, Sandra; Kirchner, Jens; Alexiou, Christoph; Drummer, Dietmar; Fischer, Georg; Buettner, Andrea; et al. (IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine, 2023)
In this second part of our survey on experimental research in Synthetic Molecular Communication (SMC), we review works on long-range SMC systems, i.e., systems with communication ranges of more than a few millimeters. Despite the importance of experimental research for the evolution of SMC towards a mature communication paradigm that will eventually support revolutionary applications beyond the reach of today’s prevalent communication paradigms, the existing body of literature is still comparatively sparse. Long-range SMC systems have been proposed in the literature for information transmission in two types of fluid media, liquid and air. While both types of SMC systems, i.e., liquid-based and air-based systems, rely on encoding and transmitting information using molecules, they differ substantially in terms of the physical system designs and in the type of applications they are intended for. In this article, we present a systematic characterization of experimental works on long-range SMC that reveals the major drivers of these works in terms of the respective target applications. Furthermore, the physical designs for long-range SMC proposed in the literature are comprehensively reviewed. In this way, our survey will contribute to making experimental research in this field more accessible and identifying novel directions for future research.
CRIS-Team Scopus Importer:2023-05-05
Keywords: Copper; Detectors; Fluorescence; Ions; Liquids; Pipelines; Prototypes

Experimental Study of Injected Interference Effects on Modulated Sidebands in CMOS LC VCO - Rimmelspacher, Johannes; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta; Weigel, Robert; Issakov, Vadim (International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems, 2017)
This paper presents an experimental study on modulated sidebands in the output spectrum of a millimeterwave (mm-wave) CMOS voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The results are used to calculate the injected current into the resonant tank in dependency on its locking range. The evaluated parameters are a measure of the oscillator’s sensitivity regarding injected periodic interferences. This is of interest when implemented in highly integrated systems, as e.g. in system-on-chip solutions.
Keywords: injection locking; injection pulling; interference; modulated sidebands; millimeter-wave oscillator; CMOS technolog

Experimental Study on Crosstalk Reduction between Integrated Inductors up to Millimeter-Wave Regime - Issakov, Vadim; Werthof, Andreas; Rimmelspacher, Johannes; Weigel, Robert; Geiselbrechtinger, Angelika (91st ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference (ARFTG), 2018)
Amount of inductors and transformers in highly integrated mm-wave multi-channel data communication and radar transceivers is steadily increasing with the growing complexity of the chips. Driven on one hand by higher integration of phased-array transceivers, e.g., for 5G applications, yet on the other hand by the demand for cost and chip area reduction, inductors need to be placed densely close to each other. This causes unwanted interferences coupled via inductors between different parts of the integrated system, resulting in SNR degradation, reduced data rates and nonlinear distortion effects. This paper presents an experimental study on coupling between on-chip inductors and investigation of various crosstalk reduction techniques for highly integrated SoCs up to mm-wave frequencies. We compare different orientations of 8-shaped inductors and discuss a rotated version of the 8-shape coil, which provides an additional improvement of 10 dB over the entire frequency range. Two-port measurements of coupled inductors connected single-endedly are performed up to 145 GHz. Additionally, 4-port measurements are done up to 70 GHz. We propose analyzing the crosstalk mechanisms by converting the measured S-parameters into the mixed-mode representation. Test structures were realized in 28 nm bulk CMOS technology nod

Experimental Study on Substrate Coupling in Bulk Silicon and RF-SOI CMOS up to 110 GHz - Issakov, Vadim; Rimmelspacher, Johannes; Werthof, Andreas; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta; Weigel, Robert (IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium 2017, 2017)
Interferences injected to an RF circuit may strongly deteriorate the electrical performance. Parasitic coupling via substrate is one of the dominant interference transmission mechanisms in highly integrated systems. The effect of substrate coupling becomes more critical at higher circuit frequencies. This poses a particular challenge for highly integrated millimeterwave systems, since isolation techniques become less efficient with an increasing operating frequency. This paper presents an experimental study on coupling via bulk silicon and RFSOI substrates. We investigate in measurement up to 110 GHz efficiency of several isolation techniques, such as triple-well, p+ and n+ guard-rings and use of undoped highly resistive region. Additionally, RF-SOI substrates are known to be beneficial for higher crosstalk isolation. However, also this isolation degrades at higher frequencies. Hence, we investigate in measurement up to 110 GHz the isolation via low-resistivity and high-resistivity trap-rich SOI substrate variants. Test structures were realized in 40 nm bulk CMOS and 45 nm RF-SOI technology nodes.
Keywords: millimeter-wave; Substrate-coupling effects; CMOS; Silicon-on-Insulator.

Experimental System for Molecular Communication in Pipe Flow With Magnetic Nanoparticles - Wicke, Wayan; Unterweger, Harald; Kirchner, Jens; Brand, Lukas; Ahmadzadeh, Arman; Ahmed, Doaa; Jamali, Vahid; Alexiou, Christoph; Fischer, Georg; Schober, Robert (IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-Scale Communications, 2021)
In the emerging field of molecular communication (MC), testbeds are needed to validate theoretical concepts, motivate applications, and guide further modeling efforts. To this end, this paper presents a flexible and extendable in-vessel testbed for flow-based macroscopic MC, abstractly modeling, e.g., a part of a chemical reactor or a blood vessel. Signaling is based on injecting non-reactive superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) dispersed in an aqueous suspension into a tube with background flow. A commercial magnetic susceptometer is used for non-intrusive downstream signal reception. To shed light on the operation of the testbed, we identify the physical mechanisms governing the transmission, propagation, and reception of the information-carrying SPIONs. Moreover, to facilitate system design, we propose a closed-form parametric expression for the end-to-end channel impulse response (CIR). The proposed CIR model is shown to consistently capture the experimentally observed distance-dependent impulse response peak heights and peak decays for transmission distances from 540. Moreover, to validate our testbed, reliable communication is demonstrated based on experimental data for model-agnostic and model-based detection methods.
Created from Fastlane, Scopus look-up
Keywords: Biology; Chemicals; Coatings; Electron tubes; Experimental system; fluid flow; injection; Iron; magnetic nanoparticles; Magnetic nanoparticles; Magnetic susceptibility; molecular communication; SPIONs; testbed.

Extended ellipse-based reconstruction algorithm for six-port radar - Linz, Sarah; Lurz, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 2019)

Extended Equivalent Circuit Model for Enhanced Substrate Modeling of Three-Port Inductors - Breun, Sascha; Kehl-Waas, Sebastian; Issakov, Vadim (RWW 2020, 2020)
This paper presents an extension to the equivalent circuit of a three-port inductor model which enhances the quality factor accuracy by precisely considering the parasitic substrate losses caused by eddy current effects. The proposed equivalent circuit allows to correctly model the broadband frequency dependency of the substrate admittances. Furthermore it is applied to an almost fully analytical extraction procedure and can therefore be used for the generation of scalable inductor models.<br

Extended Forms of Switching Functions - Can, Yavuz; Fischer, Georg (Proceedings of ICEEE 2017, 2017)
Two new extended forms of switching functions with the four already existing forms, which will be partly renamed, are presented in this paper. These new extended forms, the antivalence of disjunctions ADF and the equivalence of conjunctions ECF, are educed from circuit of digital logic gates and thereby their algebraic expressions are set up. For that, conversion rules which enable the transformation of a disjunction in equivalence-operation and the transformation of a conjunction in antivalence-operation with respect to the extended forms will be lay down. In addition, new formulas for resolution of terms of ADF and ECF while retaining the form of the given function will be derived. Furthermore, relations between these six forms are described in algebra of sets if they have the same representation of disjunctions respectively conjunctions whereby the conjunctions and disjunctions have operations of the same literals. Additionally, in the case of orthogonal representation of these six function forms further relations between them result. That means, an orthogonal disjunctive form is equivalent to the orthogonal antivalence form of conjunctions and equivalent to the complement of the orthogonal equivalence form of conjunctions. Against this, an orthogonal conjunctive form is equivalent to the orthogonal antivalence form of disjunctions and equivalent to the complement of the orthogonal equivalence form of disjunction
Keywords: switching algebra; switching function; normal form; combinational circuit; resolution of terms; set theory; orthogonality

Extended Phased Array Model for the Calculation of Mechanical Bulk Wave Excitation in SAW Reflectors. - Müller, Günter; Herzinger, Stefan; Weigel, Robert; Russer, Peter (Microwave Symposium Digest, 1994)
A new model for mechanical conversion of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) into bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) in SAW reflectors is presented. It is based on the far field computation of a bulk wave source distribution. These sources are derived from a one-dimensional P-Matrix formalism, which is known to be an accurate description of SAW propagation under metallic gratings. The model takes into account the anisotropy of the piezoelectric substrate and is not restricted to a specific acoustic wave type. Furthermore, arbitrary reflector geometries can be considered allowing for the modeling of finger width-weighted, position-weighted and chirped reflectors which are increasingly used in low loss SAW filters. By the use of our model, for the first time bulk wave losses at harmonic stop band frequencies can be predicted and characterized
elib2cris::1512001600,mueller1994

Extended Range Distance Measurements Based on Frequency and Power Compensated Six-Port Receiver - Barbon, Francesco; Lindner, Stefan; Mann, Sebastian; Linz, Sarah; Kölpin, Alexander; Weigel, Robert (44th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), 2014)
Six-Port interferometers for distance measurement show a low cost solution able to operate in harsh environment where other solutions are not suitable. The increase of the distance range requires new calibration strategies in order to compensate the signals’ high dynamic power range. Here, an enhanced Six-Port receiver is presented having the capability of sensing the frequency of the reference signal and featuring a dynamic compensation of the power levels of the signals fed to the interferometer. These attributes allow the receiver to increase the distance detection range.
elib2cris::1512001600,barbon2014a
Keywords: Six-Port; Frequency estimation; long range; radar

Extending the applicability of the Arndt formula in wavelength modulation spectroscopy for absorbance in the lower percent range - Hartmann, Alexander; Strzoda, Rainer; Schrobenhauser, Robert; Weigel, Robert (Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 2014)
The Arndt formula for Lorentzian signals broadened by modulation is enhanced for the usage on 2f WMS (wavelength modulation spectroscopy) signals produced by spectroscopic lines with high absorption (percent range). Next to the first order approach of the Beer–Lambert law, which is covered by the Arndt formula, a second order term is included for a better approximation of the damped Lorentzian line shape. This second order approximation of the 2f signal can be described by a combination of several components created by the Arndt formula. The error of a pure Arndt evaluation and the improvement of the Arndt extended technique are illustrated in the example of a humidity measurement performed at 100 °C and up to 100 vol%. The energy transition at ν=10,526.274910 cm−1 is used in this setup. With the presented technique, the error is reduced by a factor of 90.
Keywords: Arndt extension; Wavelength modulation spectroscopy; High absorption; Optically thick conditions; TDLAS

Extension of the Load-Line Theory by Investigating the Impact of the Knee-Voltage on Output-Power and Efficiency - Pinarello, Sandro; Müller, Jan-Erik; Weigel, Robert (European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference, 2013)
The standard load-line theory for power amplifier (PA) design becomes inaccurate when the ratio of the transistor's knee-voltage to the supply voltage gets larger than one. This is often the case for sub-micron CMOS PA designs due to low breakdown voltage. Based on simple geometrical reasoning the load-line theory is generalized to include these cases. The optimum load impedance that results in maximum output power, the maximum power achieved, and the corresponding efficiency are derived in closed form. The efficiency can be improved by backing off the output power. The trade-off between output power and simultaneously achievable efficiency as a function of the knee-voltage is discussed.
elib2cris::1512001600,sandro2013

Extensive Wireless Sensor System for Proximity Sensing and Sensor-Based Vital Parameter Detection for BATS - Duda, Niklas; Ripperger, Simon; Mayer, Frieder; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (International Bat Research Conference (IBRC), 2019)

Fast adaptive interference cancellation in low cost SAW based chirp spread spectrum systems - Pohl, Alfred; Ostermayer, Gerald; Steindl, Reinhard; Reindl, Leonhard; Seifert, Franz; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Fifth International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, 1998)
For fast reliable data transmission in a heavily distorted indoor environment, a SAW based chirp spread spectrum system operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM is presented. Due to the implementation of SAW matched filters for impulse compression, the system design remains low cost. The use of a bandwidth as wide as allowed make it possible to overcome Rayleigh fading with large coherence bandwidths. A matched filter system is susceptible for jammers, passing the matched filter like a bandpass. Therefore a technique of fast adaptive cancellation without a loss of simplicity is presented. The system was tested in different electromagnetically polluted indoor areas. Some preliminary experimental results are presented.
elib2cris::1512001600,pohl1998b

Fast and accurate design methodology for millimeter-wave integrated circuits (invited) - Lämmle, Benjamin; Schmalz, Klaus; Scheytt, Christoph; Kissinger, Dietmar; Weigel, Robert (URSI General Assembly Scientific Symposium, 2011)
elib2cris::1512001600,laemmle2011

Fast and accurate ramp generation with a PLL-stabilized 24-GHz SiGe VCO for FMCW and FSCW applications - Stelzer, Andreas; Ettinger, Klaus; Höftberger, Josef; Fenk, Josef; Weigel, Robert (IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003)
In Microwave sensor systems the application of linear frequency modulation schemes as well as frequency stepping is commonly used. In this paper we describe the generation of fast and highly accurate frequency ramps by means of a fractional-N-PLL stabilized integrated 24-GHz voltage controlled SiGe oscillator, which are a prerequisite for high achievable measurement accuracies. Linearity measurements with phase evaluation on fabricated devices have shown an RF-phase deviation of less than 1.5 rad for a linear frequency sweep with a bandwidth of 250 MHz at 24.5 GHz and a sweep duration of 250 μs.
elib2cris::1512001600,stelzer2003b

Fast and Efficient Methods for Circuit-based Automotive EMC Simulation - Zitzmann, Martin-Ludwig (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2007)

Fast Dual-Synthesizer for Six-Port In-Situ Linearization in the 2,4 GHz ISM-Band - Scheiner, Benedict; Lurz, Fabian; Michler, Fabian; Lindner, Stefan; Linz, Sarah; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (German Microwave Conference, 2018)

Faster Method for Negation of Sum of Products - Can, Yavuz (2nd International Conference on Advanced Information Scientiﬁc Development (ICAISD), 2021)

Fast high level modeling methods for dynamic switching current of digital IC modules - Gstöttner, Andreas; Steinecke, Thomas; Huemer, Mario (Austrochip: die Oesterreichische Tagung zum Themenbereich des Entwurfs integrierter Schaltungen und Systeme, 2006)
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) becomes an increasingly important subject within the IC design process, because more and more market segments demand for low electromagnetic emission of integrated circuits. Therefore automatic emission model generation tools need to become part of the design flow. In this paper we present an automatic procedure for generating equivalent current sources (ECS) from chip netlists. These ECSs describe the dynamic switching currents of digital function blocks of complex ICs. Worst case or typical current profiles are generated by a combination of particular modeling methods regarding statistical approaches in conjunction with pre-characterized logic cells and a set of parameters.
elib2cris::1512001600,gstoettner2006a

Fast In-Situ Diode Detector Characterization for Six-Port Interferometer Receivers - Barbon, Francesco; Lindner, Stefan; Mann, Sebastian; Linz, Sarah; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), 2014)
Six-Port receivers require a precise power measurement of all their four output channels. However, due to temperature drift, fabrication and component tolerances the detectors' performance may have some degradation, which limits the measurement accuracy. Thus, an in-situ detector characterization is necessary. In this paper, a fast and simple solution for estimating the diode detectors' characteristics is presented, which is ideal for Six-Port diode power detectors. This method is fast and can be easily implemented on a microcontroller.
elib2cris::1512001600,barbon2014
Keywords: six-port; diode detector; power measurement; characterization; in-situ

Fast RF-Synthesizer based on Direct Digital Synthesis for an Instantaneous Frequency Measurement System - Horlbeck, Marie; Scheiner, Benedict; Weigel, Robert; Lurz, Fabian (IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium 2021, 2021)

Feasibility Analysis of a Novel Production Method for Monolithic Integrated MEMS with Nanogaps - Hohnloser, Daniel; Schuklin, Dennis; Schmidt, Carsten; Kreitmaier, Michael; Blasini, Mario; Hagelauer, Amelie Marietta; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Sensors, 2016)
This paper analyses a novel production technique for the fabrication of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) with a gap in the scale of nanometer. The technology is based on a density-changing layer, which let a gap arise through the shrinkage of this layer. After the description of the technology, the requirements for monolithic integration and CMOS compatibility with respect to this technology are worked out. It has been discovered that there are several challenges to be overcome, especially to find a material composition which match the requirements will be important as well as to set up the process without affecting other CMOS device parameters. But if these challenges are solved the process will be suitable for various applications and enable to open up new markets.
elib2cris::1512001600,hohnloser2016
Keywords: MEMS; NEMS

Feasibility Study of Glucose Concentration Measurement of Aqueous Solution Using Time Domain Reflected Signals - Saeedi Saraee, Samira; chammani, Somayyeh; Fischer, Georg (Sensors, 2022)
Recently, wideband microwave spectroscopy (WBMS) has been applied for material characterization. Blood glucose sensing through microwave spectroscopy is usually done with resonant frequency-domain methods. Time-domain (TD) WBMS is a low-cost and convenient technique that can be used for glucose sensing of the aqueous solution. In this paper, early research for the implementation of a TD dielectric spectroscopy setup for glucose concentration measurement is presented. TD reflected signals from water with different glucose content are calculated using inverse Laplace transform. The proposed setup is a quasi-monostatic setup in which measurements are done with two different devices in the frequency range of 0.1 to 6 GHz to make a comparison between frequency domain (FD) and TD methods. Frequency domain (FD) measurement is performed with VNA and two Vivaldi antennas. Then, TD data is obtained using the transforming option of VNA. Direct TD measurement is operated with a maximum length sequence (m-sequence) transceiver. Measurement and numerical results follow the same trend and show good agreement with each other. A monotonic relation between peaks of TD signals and the corresponding glucose concentration is achieved. The variation of the height of the reflected signal’s peak is 0.00002 and 0.0005 for each 50 mg/dL glucose concentration with FD measurements and direct TD measurements, respectively. The glucose concentration range of 25 mg/dL to 400 mg/dL is investigated, and the worst repeatability of this method is 3.65% for 300 mg/dL.
Keywords: glucose concentration measurement; time-domain dielectric spectroscopy; microwave dielectric spectroscopy; ultra-wideband dielectric spectroscopy; dispersive medium analysis

Feasibility study of particle filters for mobile station receivers - Lunglmayr, Michael; Krüger, Martin; Huemer, Mario (IET Circuits Devices & Systems, 2008)
The application of an equalisation method for mobile station terminals using particle filters is presented. To use particle filters for equalisation, a mathematical model is shown which allows the transmitted symbols to be represented as the state of a stochastic system, which can be estimated by particle filters. The authors propose an equaliser structure with particle filters for application in mobile station receivers, especially for GSM/EDGE (global system for mobile communications/enhanced data rate for GSM evolution). Several improvement strategies, which help to obtain better estimation results with a lower number of particles, are discussed. In addition, performance evaluations of the particle filter equaliser for GSM/EDGE are presented.
elib2cris::1512001600,lunglmayr2008

Feedback-Controlled Compensation of Parameter Fluctuations of Mobile Radio SAW IF Channel Filters - Rheinfelder, Clemens; Scholl, Gerd; Weigel, Robert; Ruppel, Clemens; Russer, Peter (Microwave Symposium Digest, 1994)
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters with high sidelobe suppression, steep passband skirts and small chip sizes are key components for channel selection in modern mobile communication systems. These filters are fabricated on highly stable quartz substrates with precise photolithographic techniques. However, unavoidable fabrication tolerances, temperature drift and aging require some design reserve for achieving a specific filter characteristic. We report on a new receiver design which overcomes these drawbacks and does not demand a design reserve, thus improving the filter performance drastically. As an essential part of this receiver we developed a new SAW device
elib2cris::1512001600,rheinfelder1994a

Feed-forward neural networks for analog impairment mitigation in high power RF transceivers - Jüschke, Patrick; Brendel, Johannes; Fischer, Georg; Pascht, Andreas (Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2011)
Constantly rising capacity and increasing complexity of mobile communication systems as well as the general demand to reduce the power consumption to get the systems greener, are a big challenge especially for radio frontends. Complex modulated signals of mobile communication standards like LTE have high demands on radio frontends regarding signal requirements. the numerous variety of different standards in different frequency bands have further demands on radio transceivers and its architecture. Flexible radios, suitable for different standards, signals and frequencies with highest efficiency and dynamic are required. This paper shows possibilities to enhance the flexibility of RF transceivers and how to enable future standards and handle high requirements while relaxing configuration using neural networks for signal processing in RF transceivers.
elib2cris::1512001600,jueschke2011

Feldstärkebasierte Präzisionslokalisierung von Mobilfunkendgeräten mithilfe von Jamming-Techniken - Zorn, Stefan (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2013)

Field Distributions and Effective Permittivities Along Microstrip Structures on Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Substrates up to 110 GHz - Talai, Armin; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (European Microwave Conference Workshops, 2013)
Rohde und Schwa
elib2cris::1512001600,talai2013d

Field theory analysis and experimental characterization of wave propagation in microacoustic structures - Weigel, Robert; Holm, Andreas; Meier, Hans; Roesler, Ulrike; Schneider, Robert; Walliser, Beate; Ruile, Werner (Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, 1997)
The present work arose from a requirement of accurate time domain modeling of inter-connections in multichip modules (MCM's). As is the case with similar methods, the Transmission-Line-Matrix (TLM) method provides the feasibility to handle nearly any geometry and is not restricted to planar geometries. However, the modeling of circuits consisting of elements with strongly varying geometrical dimensions such as thin layers is not suitable for a conventional discretization due to limited computational resources. Also the use of graded meshes is very limited since the dispersion characteristic of these meshes becomes worse. For metalic layers surface-impedance models may be used which yield accurate broadband frequency characteristics. In general, a local mesh refinement is required to increase the spatial resolution. Such subgridding techniques enable the mesh to carry for details, which could not be resolved by a coarse mesh. The combining of fine and coarse meshes requires for a careful investigation at the interface. In the following conditions are postulated for the coarse mesh/fine mesh interface: energy conservation (i), charge conservation (ii), zero reflection (iii) and zero delay (iv). In the subgridding model the wave amplitudes incident from the coarse mesh to the fine mesh are kept constant during the time step within the coarse mesh. This introduces some lag in the interfering of the sub meshes. In contrary, we use a recursive description, in which also the incident pulses from the coarse mesh are adjusted to the updated field situation on the fine mesh. In this improved subgridding model additional transformations between the wave amplitudes and the field quantities are necessary, which can be done exactly only at the cell boundaries of the TLM nodes. Our algorithm is completely embedded in a TLM simulation package utilizing distributed computing making best use of the available resources. We use the Parallel Virtual Ma- chine (PVM) as an environment for the distributed computing. The simulations are done within clusters of interconnected workstations and parallel computers. The subgridding model was tested for several scenarios and has been approved to satisfy the previously mentioned conditions. The method was applied to the simulation of interconnections in multichip modules, where the thickness of some intermediate layers was more than one order of magnitude smaller than the transversal dimensions of the remaining elements. The improved subgridding approach opens a wide range of applications for the TLM method and benefits inherently from the flexibility of distributed computing.
elib2cris::1512001600,weigel1997a

Filter Design Aspects in Analog Receiver Front-Ends for Frequency Scanning Applications - Dehm-Andone, Gunther; Mzyk, Raphael; Langmann, Frank; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics 2012, 2012)
In this paper, the design of filter components for a frequency scanning receiver RF front-end is described. The front-end is an integral component of a multichannel scanning and DF (direction finding) system. It covers a broad frequency range of VHF (very high frequency) and UHF (ultra high frequency) from 30MHz to 3GHz and comprises a scalable multichannel digital receiver as well as a hybrid synchronizable double superheterodyne analog receiver approach with direct sampling path. Focus is put on optimizing cost and benefit by balancing system and filter design efforts and choosing efficient technologies for filter implementation using COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) components. The design and implementation of a reconfigurable preselection filter bank, a coupled line resonator IF (intermediate frequency) filter, and a COTS IF filter bank are presented. The performance of these modules is demonstrated by measurement and simulation results.
elib2cris::1512001600,dehm-andone2012
Keywords: Front-End; Filter design; RF; Filter bank; IF filter; Design aspects

Fine tuning of data rate enhances performance of a chirp spread spectrum system - Pohl, Alfred; Ostermayer, Gerald; Steindl, Reinhard; Seifert, Franz; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Fifth International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, 1998)
Operating a fast reliable chirp spread spectrum data transmission system, a tradeoff between interference reduction capability, multipath resistance and data rate have to be made. Transmitting overlapping chirp signals yields interference from the cross correlation terms if binary orthogonal keying is transmitted. By the example of a system for application in the 2.45 GHz ISM band with data rates of 2 to 20 Mbps, the necessity of the proper choice of the data rate is shown. Shifting the data rate, due to the large interval of overlap, constructive and destructive interference appears periodically. This of course endangers to overdrive the amplifiers. On the other hand the interferences influence the envelopes to detect in linear mode too. So, if the data rate is chosen well, good performance even for high clock rates can be achieved with a low cost system. For the relation of the data rate and system's performance, simulations and preliminary experimental results are shown.
elib2cris::1512001600,pohl1998c

Flip-Chip Integration of Power HEMTs: A Step Towards a GaN MMIC Technology - Seemann, Kay; Ramberger, Suitbert; Tessmann, Axel; Quay, Rüdiger; Schneider, Joachim; Rießle, Markus; Walcher, Herbert; Kuri, Michael; Kiefer, Rudolf; Schlechtweg, Michael (33rd European Microwave Conference, 2003)
In this paper, flip-chip integration is demonstrated as a method for faster progress towards a GaN MMIC technology by separating the development of active devices and passive matching circuits. This approach offers distinct advantages in the verification of passive components realized on a 2" SiC substrate. A proven 0.3μm GaAs PHEMT technology was used for the transistors that allowed to reproducibly verify both, the flip-chip transitions and the behaviour of the coplanar SiC structures. As an example, three X-band amplifiers in flip-chip technology are presented that demonstrate the feasibility of the technology. © 2003 EUMA.
UnivIS-Import:2015-04-16:Pub.2003.tech.IE.LETE.flipch
Keywords: Gallium arsenide; Gallium nitride; Gold; HEMTs; Integrated circuit technology; MIM capacitors; MMICs; MODFETs; Silicon carbide; Substrates

Fluessigmetallschleifkontakte in der EMV - Spratler, Christian; Hugelmann, P.; Weigel, Robert (Internationale Fachmess und Kongress fuer Elektromagnetische Vertraeglichkeit, 2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,spratler2012

FM-CW Präzisionsradarsensor mit Six-Port Technologie - Stelzer, Andreas; Diskus, Christian; Weigel, Robert (Informationstagung Mikroelektronik, 2001)
In diesem Beitrag wird die Anwendung eines Six-Ports in einem Radar mit kombinierter FMCW-Auswertung und Phasenmessung dargestellt. Konventionelle Systeme verwenden meist ein heterodynes Konzept bestehend aus Lokaloszillator und Mischer zur I-Q Phasenauswertung, wohingegen im vorgestellten Präzisionsabstandsmesssystem ein Six-Port zur Phasenauswertung eingesetzt wird, welcher vor Durchführung der Messung kalibriert werden muss. Für die frequenzmodulierte Betriebsart wäre der Kalibrationsaufwand sehr hoch, weshalb der Six-Port in diesem Modus unkalibriert verwendet wird, ohne jedoch die letztendlich erreichte Messgenauigkeit von 0,1 mm zu beinträchtigen.
elib2cris::1512001600,stelzer2001d

FN-modulation loop architecture for fully integrated 1 Mb/s GFSK transmitter - Märzinger, Günther; Springer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert; Herzinger, Stefan; Fenk, Josef (IEEE MTT-S Microwave Symposium, 1999)
A low cost GFSK transmitter architecture is investigated for its sensitivity to parameter variation in mass production. In this paper the simulation results for a system design, based on certain specifications, are presented and the effects of mismatch in the open loop gain are demonstrated. It is shown that the system specifications can be met if the open loop gain error is less than 8% of the nominal value
elib2cris::1512001600,maerzinger1999

FPGA Based Evaluation Platform for High Performance Digital mmWave Radar Systems - Peters, Sebastian; Faghih-Naini, Samira; Erhardt, Stefan; Weigel, Robert; Reißland, Torsten (2024)
An evaluation platform for digital radar systemsoperating at 60 GHz is proposed and demonstrated. With a sampling rate of 4 GSa/s, a range resolution of below 4 cm can be achieved. The transmit sequence can be up to 2^18 samples long, leading to a possible unambiguous range of more than 9 km. The platform is designed for offline signal processing for maximum flexibility, meaning that data rates in excess of 100 Gbit/s are handled to both play back and record data during measurement.<br
Keywords: digital signal processing; field programmable gate arrays; millimeter wave radar; radar signal processing; system validation

FPGA-based signal control for highly integrated 60 GHz radar distance measurements - Agethen, Roman; Pour Mousavi, Seyed Mehran; Mengs, P.; Weigel, Robert; Kissinger, Dietmar (European Radar Conference, 2013)
elib2cris::1512001600,agethen2013a

FPGA Radiation Hardening by Design in CMOS65nm - Croenne, Quentin; et al. (2016)

Fractional-N Frequenzsynthesizer für den Mobilfunk mit BiCMOS-Technologie - Lüftner, Thomas; Märzinger, Günther; Neurauter, Burkhard; Weigel, Robert; Scholz, Markus; Mutlu, Varol; Fenk, Josef (ITG-Workshop Mikroelektronik für die Informationstechnik, 2000)
elib2cris::1512001600,lueftner2000

Fractional-N PLL als Modulator für Modulationsschemata mit konstanter Einhüllender - Märzinger, Günther; Springer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert; Herzinger, Stefan; Fenk, Josef (Informationstagung Mikroelektronik (VIET), 1999)
elib2cris::1512001600,maerzinger1999a

Fractional N-PLL for Frequency Synthesis in Local Positioning Applications - Ußmüller, Thomas; Weigel, Robert (EEEfCOM, 2008)
elib2cris::1512001600,ussmueller2008

Fractional-N synthesiser for FMCW radar - Ußmüller, Thomas; Eickhoff, Ralf; Spiegel, Solon; Weigel, Robert (Electrical and Electronic Engineering for Communication (EEEfCOM 2008), 2008)
elib2cris::1512001600,ussmueller2008a

Frequency agile basestation systems - Fischer, Georg (Radio Techniques and Technologies for Commercial Communication and Sensing Applications, 2004)
elib2cris::1512001600,fischer2004a

Frequency Agile Microwave Circuits Based on Ferroelectric Thin-Film Varactors - Lourandakis, Errikos (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2009)
elib2cris::1512001600,lourandakis2009

Frequency Agile Power Amplifiers based on Ferroelectric Thin-Film Varactors - Ali, Faraz (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2014)

Frequency Agile RF Systems - Fischer, Georg (2012)
elib2cris::1512001600,fischer2012
Keywords: Frequency Agile Radio; SDR; CR

Frequency agile RF systems - Software defined analogue front ends - Fischer, Georg (T-Mobile Technology Symposium on Multi Band and Multi Standard Implementation in Mobile Communication Systems, 2006)
elib2cris::1512001600,fischer2006e

Frequency Domain Equalization of Linear Polyphase Channels - Huemer, Mario; Reindl, Leonhard; Springer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert (IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2000)
elib2cris::1512001600,huemer2000a

Frequency Domain Equalization of Low PAPR Linear Modulation Schemes - Huemer, Mario (International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, 2004)
elib2cris::1512001600,huemer2004b

Frequency Domain Equalization of Modulation Formats with Low Peak to Average Power Ratio - Buzid, Tufik (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2010)

Frequency Domain Equalization of Multiple FIR Channels using Oversampling and/or Multiple Antennas - Huemer, Mario; Reindl, Leonhard; Springer, Andreas; Weigel, Robert (European Conference on Wireless Technology, 2000)
elib2cris::1512001600,huemer2000b

Frequency Readjustment of Excitation Signals for Resonant Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors in the 2.45 GHz ISM Band - Scheiner, Benedict; Lurz, Fabian; Michler, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC19), 2019)

Frequency Response Characterization of Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators Using a Six-Port Frequency Measurement System - Scheiner, Benedict; Lurz, Fabian; Michler, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (Kleinheubacher Tagung, 2019)

Frequency Response of Stress-Effects on CMOS Power Amplifiers - Cattaneo, Andrea; Pinarello, Sandro; Müller, Jan-Erik; Weigel, Robert (IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop Final Report (IIRW), 2014)
RF Power Amplifiers (PAs) undergo to high electrical stress conditions due to strong lateral field along the channel. Reliability of CMOS PAs is largely studied in literature. Generally is focused in understanding how RF stress can harm the device. Many authors proved that the generation of defects does not have a frequency dependency. In this work the problem is faced from a new point of view. The response of the defects, instead of the generation, is studied over frequency. It is demonstrated that the electrons-trapping by interface states is quenched by increasing the operation frequency. As a consequence the performance of the PA are recovered. This finding points out for the first time the possibility of relaxing the reliability constrains when operating in RF regime.
elib2cris::1512001600,cattaneo2014a

Frequency Separation Stage Design for a Reliable Data Link in an IPT System for Electric Vehicles - Trautmann, Martin; Sanftl, Benedikt; Weigel, Robert; Kölpin, Alexander (IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), 2016)
elib2cris::1512001600,trautmann2016b

Frequency Synthesizer for Digital Satellite Radio Receiving Systems - Röber, Jürgen; Bänisch, Andreas; Ußmüller, Thomas; Fischer, Georg; Weigel, Robert (IEEE International Wireless Symposium (IWS) 2014, 2014)
This paper describes the design and verification of phase lock loop (PLL) components within the framework of a front-end for digital satellite radio diversity reception. First, the functionality of the implemented PLL is described by a block diagram. Second, individual PLL components are presented and analysed. Altogether a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), an automatic amplitude control (AAC), a buffer stage, a TSCP logic as well as a DCVSL-R high-speed by-two-divider, a multimodulus divider (MMD), and a phase-frequency detector are developed. The frequency tuning range of the PLL is between 4.34 and 4.70 GHz and hence the VCO tuning range has to be around 4 to 5 GHz. Beyond this, the VCO’s post-layout phase noise is -100.50 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz under nominal environmental conditions and the post-layout yield analysis predicts 99.773%. Additionally, the VCO and the AAC are connected. Due to that additional AAC feedback circuit, the current consumption as well as the VCO output amplitude decrease. The overall system simulation shows the settling process of the PLL for the tri-state and the five-state mode of the PFD. Finally the VCO performance is compared with other state-of-the-art LC-VCOs.
elib2cris::1512001600,roeber2014
Keywords: PLL; Synthesizer; Mixed-Signal; VCO; AAC; Behavioral Modeling; Diversity